Archive for 2015

Precipitation introduction

natural green

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Title: Precipitation introduction
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

5.1 What is precipitation? The process of transportation of water from the atmosphere to the earth's surface is defi...

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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">5.1 <b><u>What is precipitation?</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">            The process of transportation of
water from the atmosphere to the earth's surface is defined as precipitation</span><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Precipitation
can occur in liquid or solid forms. Precipitation is the result of water
droplets around nuclei or the formation of ice crystals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">        </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Two
conditions must be fulfilled for forming precipitation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                          (1) The air must be
saturated-Air masses can be saturated by three methods.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">    
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Clashing of
different air masses (Hot, humid masses and cool, dry air masses)  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b) The connection</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> between moist air masses and cool objects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Adiabatic process (Without entering or leaving of
heat, pressure and volume changes)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                 (2) Presence of
small airborne particles called aerosols.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The available condensation nucleus is two types. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">  Hygroscopic
particles (Salts)-Salts are made condensing before the air becomes saturated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Ex: Crystals of Nitrate (NO-3), Phosphate (PO43-)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">b) Non-Hygroscopic particles-According to their sizes,
supersaturation is essential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                             Ex: Smoke, dust, ash<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">5.2 <u>Types of
precipitation<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Four types of precipitation have occurred on the earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">               (1) Orographic precipitation-
Warm, humid air masses move horizontally form coastal areas to nearby
mountains. With clashing of air mass with mountains, air masses are started to
rise by uplift forces. Warm air masses are getting cool with increasing height because the temperature is decreased with increasing height. After the saturation of air, additional water vapors are tended to condense because cool
air cannot hold water vapors as much as hot air. Therefore clouds are formed after
saturation. Precipitation has occurred.   <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(2) Convectional
precipitation-When the land surface heat, above the air, is heated by land. As air
heat, the air began to move further. With the distance between molecules
increases, they are less densely packed. The air becomes lighter and expands.
Air masses get cooling. After saturation, additional water vapors are condensed
and clouds are formed. Precipitation has occurred. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(3) Cyclonic precipitation-Cyclonic
precipitation has occurred in low-pressure areas. Air masses move form high
pressure in nearby surface areas to the low-pressure areas above. Air getting
cooled and clouds are formed. Precipitation has occurred.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(4) Frontal
precipitation-When warm, humid air mass and cool, dry air mass are met, cool
air tightly packed together so cool air is heavier than dry air so the warm air is
forced to rise above cool air. When warm humid air rises, the air gets cool. After the saturation of air, clouds are formed. Precipitation has occurred.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">5.4Forms of
precipitations<o:p></o:p></span></u><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">         (1) Liquid precipitation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                 (a) Rain
(Diameter of water droplets is more than 0.5mm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                 Light rain – Intensity
of rainfall is up to 2.5 mm/h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Moderate rain – Intensity of rainfall is 2.5 to 7.5
mm/h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Heavy rain – Intensity of rainfall is more than 7.5
mm/h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                       (b) Drizzle
(Diameter of water droplets is less than 0.5mm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                 (2) Solid precipitation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Snow-Snow
is precipitation of crystal ice. Solid water is consolidating together and become
flakes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                              Sleet-
Sleets are small snow particles. They are formed as snowflakes are melted and
refreeze at a subfreezing temperature in the atmosphere before reach the earth's surface. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                              Hail-
Small pieces of ice are formed through up and down of the convectional currents
by melting and cooling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                              Dew-
Condensation of water vapors is at the temperature below the dew point. Water
vapors are condensed by emission their energy to around the environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Precipitation introduction

5.1 What is precipitation? The process of transportation of water from the atmosphere to the earth's surface is defi...

Runoff introduction and factors affecting runoff

natural green

Link Author

Title: Runoff introduction and factors affecting runoff
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

4.1 What is the runoff? Runoff is the water flow through the streams, rivers, and rills. 4.2 Types of runoff (1)Su...

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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">4.1 <u>What is the runoff?<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">  Runoff is the
water flow through the streams, rivers, and rills.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">4.2 <u>Types of runoff<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(1)Surface runoff<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                     After all losses such as
interception, infiltration, and transpiration overland flow have occurred. That
enters streams immediately as soon as.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(2)Subsurface runoff<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                        The proportion of the rainfall
is entered into the soil vertically. Then the water flows laterally towards stream
without join to the water table. It takes little time to reach the stream.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(3)Baseflow<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                        Delayed flow is defined
as base flow. First, enter the soil and vertically flows towards the groundwater
table.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                        Take relatively long
period such as month or year to join streams.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">               4.3 <u>Factors
affecting runoff</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">(1)Climatic</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                     -Precipitation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-Type of precipitation (Rainfall or snowfall)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-Rainfall intensity (When rainfall intensity is
relatively high, infiltration capacity is low therefore rainfall excess create
runoff.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-Duration (When the duration of precipitation is
relatively high, infiltration capacity is less so runoff has occurred.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-Rainfall distribution (Runoff vary according to the
proportions of the catchments. Outlets obtained relatively more precipitation
therefore peak flow has occurred more quickly.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-Temperature
(Interception is relatively high at high temperature so most of the water evaporates
back to the atmosphere so runoff can be limited)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-Humidity
(Evaporation is limited under the high relative humid air so high runoff is
occurred.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-Wind
velocity (Interception and transpiration is relatively high under high wind velocity
so runoff is limited.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 84.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">-Annual
rainfall (High annual rainfall forms larger rainfalls so runoff occurs
more quickly.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(2) The direction of the prevailing wind
(When the direction of both prevailing wind and water flow is same, peak flow is
occurred very quickly.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(3) Physiographic factors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 73.5pt; text-indent: 21.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">              -Factors
of watershed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                           (a)Size
of a watershed (Larger watershed need relatively more time to deliver water to
outlet, therefore peak flow has occurred later. Smaller watershed need
relatively less time to deliver water to the outlet, therefore peak flow is
occurred fast.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(b)The shape of a watershed- Fan-shaped, fan-shaped (elongated) and broad shaped
(In fan shaped watershed, nearby tributaries deliver runoff toward the outer
more quickly than furthest tributaries, therefore, peak runoff is less. In a broadly
shaped watershed, all of the tributaries are delivered runoff the same time towards the outlet. Therefore peak runoff is occurred more quickly and has a large amount)</span><span style="background: black; border: 1pt none black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">(c)Orientation of watershed
(Win wand side has occurred relatively more runoff than a leeward side because the windward side of mountains gets more rainfall than the leeward side.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">              -Land
use<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Forest (Soil of
forests have relatively more organic matter so infiltration capacity is high
therefore runoff is relatively lees.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 114.75pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Barren land
(Soils of barren land have relatively lowest organic matter so infiltration
capacity is less therefore runoff is relatively high.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">               -Factors of soil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                    (a)Type of
soil(Light textured soils such as sandy soils have relatively lower runoff than
heavy soils such as clay because light-textured soil has relatively larger
pores that are well connected together so infiltration capacity is high
therefore runoff is less.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                     (b)Soil
moisture (High moist soils have less infiltration capacity so runoff is high.
Less moist soils have high infiltration capacity therefore runoff is low.)    <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                     -Topographic factors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                             (a)Slope(Steep the slope has relatively high runoff 
because the water flows more rapidly along the slope so soils can’t absorb
water as much as soils in flat land so infiltration capacity is lees therefore
runoff is high.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;">                                             </span><span style="font-size: 14pt;">(b)Channel
characters-Density, slope, length, storage, and shape</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> </span></div>
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Runoff introduction and factors affecting runoff

4.1 What is the runoff? Runoff is the water flow through the streams, rivers, and rills. 4.2 Types of runoff (1)Su...

Infiltration Introduction

natural green

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Title: Infiltration Introduction
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

3.1 What is the infiltration? Infiltration is a flow of water through the soil surface. Infiltration ef...

<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1 What is the infiltration? <o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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                                <span style="font-size: large;">Infiltration
is a flow of water through the soil surface.<br /><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Infiltration effects to runoff, transpiration, and evaporation. </span></span><br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Infiltration capacity- With time, infiltration is
decreased and infiltration capacity has remained constant. Pores in the soil are
less filled with water before precipitation. When precipitation has occurred,
pores are getting to fill water. After saturation of all pores in the soil, water
cannot be absorbed anymore, therefore, infiltration capacity has become constant.</span></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2 Factors affecting infiltration<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">(1) Rainfall<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-Intensity (When infiltration
capacity is higher than rainfall capacity, all the rain is infiltrated. When
rainfall intensity is higher than infiltration capacity, infiltration is less
and runoff has occurred.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.75pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-Duration
(Duration of rainfall is high, infiltration is less and runoff has occurred after a few hours.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">(2) Climate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: large;">-When the temperature is relatively
high, the rate of microbial activities is high. 
Therefore relatively more amount of organic matter is added to soil
surface cover so soil particles are well aggregated so the size of pores is large
and infiltration capacity is relatively high.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">(3) Soil characters <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                  -Soil type(Light color soils such as sandy soils
have relatively larger infiltration capacity than heavy soils such as clay
soils because sandy soils have relatively larger pores that are well connected
together than clay soils.)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">               </span></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
-<span style="font-size: large;">Compaction(Compacted soils have
relatively lower infiltration capacity than loose soils because of size and amount
of pores in compacted soil is relatively very small therefore compacted soils
have less infiltration capacity.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                  -Sun
cracks (When soils contain sun cracks, these soils have relatively larger
infiltration capacity because soils are so dry and have relatively lowest
amount of water.  Therefore infiltration
capacity is relatively high. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                      -Depth to storage (When depth between the surface
and storage is relatively high, infiltration capacity is high                      because of amount of pores
are increased with increasing of depth, therefore, more water is needed to
saturated for pores, therefore, infiltration capacity is relatively high.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                      -Soil
moisture (When soil have relatively less moisture content, soils can absorb
more water, therefore, infiltration capacity is relatively high. High moist soils
can absorb relatively less amount of water, therefore, infiltration capacity is
restively low.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                      -Soil
slope(Steep slopes have relatively less infiltration capacity because of water
flows rapidly so water is not retained for a long period so soils can absorb more
water, therefore, infiltration capacity is relatively less. Gentle slope have
relatively high infiltration capacity because the water flows slowly so water
retain in surface relatively long-time period so soils can absorb more water
therefore infiltration capacity is restively high.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">(4) Cultivation practices <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                        -Closely
growing vegetation (Soils are less compacted so infiltration capacity is high)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                        -Land
preparation (Surface roughness is increased in land preparation practices  so infiltration capacity become high)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">(5) Surface cover<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                         -Vegetation
cover type (When land has row crops vegetation, most of the land are uncovered of
vegetation. Therefore soils are relatively more compacted and consist of low
amount of organic matter, therefore, soils have relatively less infiltration
capacity.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                         -Organic
matter on the surface (When organic matter is relatively high on the surface,
infiltration capacity is high because organic matter can hold a large amount of
water and allows movement toward soil)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;">                         -Urban
paving(Most of the soils in cities are covered by artificial instructions so these
soils are avoided to absorb water by these artificial layers so infiltration
capacity is relatively low in cities.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                 <u>3.3 Computing of Infiltration <o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kostiakov’s equation<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
                                                                                <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I = Cumulative depth of infiltration<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">t = time</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">k and n are constants<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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                                     <o:p></o:p></div>
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                    <br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i = infiltration rate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 128.25pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.4 Measurement
of infiltration<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Double ring infiltrometer</span></u><i> <o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The surface vegetation is cleaned without disrobing soil
surface.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rings are
put into 15cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A plastic /
polythene sheet is put inner ring and filled water for particular depth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Water is
poured into the outer ring and allowed it to infiltrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The plastic
sheets are removed from inner rings and start recording depth with time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Infiltration Introduction

3.1 What is the infiltration? Infiltration is a flow of water through the soil surface. Infiltration ef...

Interception Introduction

natural green

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Title: Interception Introduction
Author: natural green
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2.1 What is the interception? Interception is natural or artificial covers intercept of falling water droplets toward t...

<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1 What is the interception?<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">               </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;"> Interception
is natural or artificial covers intercept of falling water droplets toward to ground.
These water droplets store on the surface of the tress, after fails to the ground or
evaporate back to the atmosphere.   </span><br />
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</div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">               2.2 <u>Components of interception</u></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><br /></u></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><br /></u></span>
<br />
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(1)Interception loss (I)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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       Water retained in the surface and
evaporates or absorb by the plants later.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(2) Throughfall(TF)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
                       Water
falls through spaces in the vegetation canopy or falls along the twigs and
leaves.<o:p></o:p></div>
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(3) Streamflow (SF)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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                       Water
flows along with the leaves and twigs. Finally, all of the water flows are collected
together and fall along the trunk to the surface.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">           <u>Interception loss<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; tab-stops: 51.75pt;">
                <b><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I=P-(TF-SF)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 51.75pt; tab-stops: 51.75pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.3Factors
affecting interception<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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(1) Storm (Nature and distribution
of the storm.)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Drizzle-Before reaching to the ground,
most of the water droplets are evaporated. When intensity and duration of
precipitation are relatively high, lower interception is taken place.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(2)A plant (Canopy size, canopy
density and leaf characteristics)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When canopy size is wide, more water droplets are intercepted,
they took relatively more time to reach the ground so most of the water droplets are evaporated
back to the atmosphere. When canopy density is high, amount of leaves and twigs in
unit surface area is relatively high so more water droplets are intercepted and
take relatively more time to reach the ground, therefore, most of the water droplets are
evaporated during the process. When leaves are rough, they consist of less
amount of wax, therefore, water droplets are relatively more tended to remain on
the surface so most of the water droplets are intercepted and evaporated back to
atmosphere. When leaves are smooth that means these leaves consists of
relatively more wax so water droplets are relatively less tented to remain on
the surface of the leaves, therefore, interception is limited and evaporation
back to the atmosphere is relatively less.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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(3) Season of the year (Vegetative growth and canopy
characters)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Rainfall is relatively more intercepted than snowfall. Some
of the trees are removed them all leaves in specific duration in each year and
grow new leaves after duration. Therefore interception is relatively most limited
during that time period and most of the water droplets are reached to ground. Less
evaporation has occurred. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(4) Prevailing wind<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Interception of leaves and twigs are reduced by prevailing
wind but the evaporation rate is relatively high.<o:p></o:p><br />
<br />
<br /></div>
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Interception Introduction

2.1 What is the interception? Interception is natural or artificial covers intercept of falling water droplets toward t...

Hydrology

natural green

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Title: Hydrology
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

2.1What is the hydrological cycle? The hydrological cycle is defined as the natural circulation of water from the oceans ...

<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">2.1What is the hydrological cycle?<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">               The hydrological cycle is defined as the natural circulation of water from the
oceans and land surface to the air, air to land, and back to the ocean under
solar energy.  </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">2.2Major components of the hydrological cycle<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Precipitation-
Mechanism of water movement from the atmosphere to the earth's surface. Rain, sleet,
Hail snow and dew are different forms of precipitation. The water which is
evaporated from the earth's surface is condensed in the above atmosphere and returns to
earth.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Evaporation/Evapotranspiration-The
movement of water from the surface to the atmosphere that is changed from liquid to
gas. Evaporation is taken place on an abiotic surfaces such as soil, streams, and
lakes and leaves the surface. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Surface Water-After
all losses water remain on the surface and pour towards the stream. With the
saturation of soils, excess water creates floods. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Groundwater-
Infiltrated water pour downwards until it meets impermeable rock. This water is
trapped so flows laterally very slowly. After a long period of movement, water
joins to the streams or oceans. Therefore groundwater table support to recharge
streams.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">2.2Green water and blue water<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">2.2.1Green water<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">             2/3 of precipitation is
contributed to the production of biomass defined as green water. Green water has
two components such as productive green water and non-productive green water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">              Productive green water is transpiration of plant surfaces. Non-productive green water is evaporation
water from soil and interception.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 141.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 141.75pt;">
<span style="font-size: 20pt;">           <u>2.2.2Blue water<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; tab-stops: 141.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                      1/3 of
precipitation is considered blue water. Surface runoff, subsurface runoff, and baseflow are major components of blue water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">               <span style="color: red;">Both
green water and blue water can be recycled through the hydrological cycle.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">2.2.3The difference between blue water and green water<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
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 <tbody>
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  <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Green water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Blue water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Invisible water vapors to
  atmosphere.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Visible liquid water flow
  moving above and below the groundwater.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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 </tr>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Green water cannot be
  reused.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Bluewater can be reused.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Green water isn’t available
  for downstream use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 213.05pt;" valign="top" width="284"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Bluewater is available for
  downstream use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">          <u>2.3 Greywater<o:p></o:p></u></span><br />
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Greywater is wastewater
discharge of household. Sinks, toilets, bathtubs, showers, hand washings, and
kitchen wastewater are considered as greywater. Greywater also defined as
black water. Greywater cannot be reused without proper treatments.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">      2.4<u>Relation between stream water and groundwater<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">           (1)Humid
area<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                         Groundwater recharges
streams.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">           (2)Arid area<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                            Streams recharge
groundwater table after occurring of precipitation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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Hydrology

2.1What is the hydrological cycle? The hydrological cycle is defined as the natural circulation of water from the oceans ...

Hydrology Introduction

natural green

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Title: Hydrology Introduction
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

1.1 What is hydrology? Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and oth...

<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 105.0pt;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><b>1.1 What is hydrology?</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">          Hydrology is the scientific study of
the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets,
including the hydrologic cycle, water resources, and environmental watershed
sustainability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><b>1.2 Factors affecting hydrology</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(1)Weather
pattern<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(2)Physical
factors-Topology, geology, and vegetation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(3)Human
activities-urbanization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;"><b>1.3 Importance of hydrology</b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">            
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">To understand the process such as interception, infiltration, evaporation, and runoff.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">            
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">To reorganize problems
such as floods and droughts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">            
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">To weather
forecasting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">            
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">To preparing of
cropping calendar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 57.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">            
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">To soil
conservation practices.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">  <b> </b><u><b>1.4.1 Weather</b><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoCaption" style="page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 56.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Weather
is defined as the study of atmosphere for short duration of limited area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoCaption" style="page-break-after: avoid;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">       <u><b>1.4.2 Climate</b><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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</div>
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                              <span style="font-size: 14pt;">Climate is
defined as the study of the average weather conditions observed over a long period
of time for a larger area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;">   </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoCaption" style="page-break-after: avoid; tab-stops: 67.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;"> 1.4.2 <u>The
difference between weather and climate</u></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
 <tbody>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Weather<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 180.85pt;" valign="top" width="241"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Climate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Weather is influenced by
  any of its predominant elements such as temperature and humidity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 180.85pt;" valign="top" width="241"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Climate is the collective
  effect of all its elements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The weather changes very
  often.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 180.85pt;" valign="top" width="241"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Climate is permanent for
  long-time period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">It is experienced over
  small areas of a country.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 180.85pt;" valign="top" width="241"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">It is experienced over a large area of the continent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 182.25pt;" valign="top" width="243"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A place can experience
  different types of weather conditions in an area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 180.85pt;" valign="top" width="241"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A place can experience only
  one type of climate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div>
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Hydrology Introduction

1.1 What is hydrology? Hydrology is the scientific study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and oth...

(3) Nutrients

natural green

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Title: (3) Nutrients
Author: natural green
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3.1 Nutrient Cycles: Global Recycling Nutrient cycles describe the flow of nutrients in and out of sto...

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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">      <b>3.1 </b><u><b>Nutrient Cycles: Global Recycling</b><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">                          Nutrient cycles
describe the flow of nutrients in and out of stores as a result of </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">biotic</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> and
abiotic processes. Without human interference, nutrient cycles are almost perfectly balanced. Nutrients are recycled by global cycles through the earth’s
air, land, water, and living organisms. Nutrients are the elements that are
essential to living, grow and reproduce of organisms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>3.2 Nutrients </b><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                        All of the essential
elements are by required for plant growth and completion of the plant life
cycle from seed to seed. Some essential elements are needed large quantities
and others in much smaller quantities. However, from a practical standpoint,
three of the six essential macronutrients are most often "managed" by
the addition of fertilizers to soils, while the others are most often found insufficient
quantities in most soils and no soil amendments are required to supply adequate
supplies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">  <b>3.3 </b><u><b>Categories of nutrients </b><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">         Nutrients in
soils are can be divided into two categories as macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are also can be divided into two categories as
primary nutrients and secondary nutrients.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>3.2.1 </b><u><b>Macronutrients</b><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Macronutrients</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> are those elements and compounds needed in
large quantities for a plant to grow.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2.1.1 <u>Primary nutrients<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                  
These major nutrients usually are lacking from the soil first because
plants use large amounts for their growth and survival.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">  Ex: N, P
and</span><span style="background: black; border: 1pt none black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 0pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>3.2.1.2 </b><u><b>Secondary nutrients</b><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                    There
are usually enough of these nutrients in the soil so fertilization is not
always needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ex: Ca, Mg and S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>3.2.2 </b><u><b>Micro
nutrients</b><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">                    </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Micro-nutrients</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> are those elements essential for plant growth which are needed in only very
small (micro) quantities and are sometimes called minor elements or trace
elements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ex: B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn, and Cl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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(3) Nutrients

3.1 Nutrient Cycles: Global Recycling Nutrient cycles describe the flow of nutrients in and out of sto...

NaturalGreen

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Hydrology Introduction

(3) Nutrients

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