Infiltration Introduction

<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.1 What is the infiltration? <o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"> <u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal">                                 <span style="font-size: large;">Infiltration is a flow of water through the soil surface.<br /><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Infiltration effects to runoff, transpiration, and evaporation. </span></span><br /> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii4acsmcVUcObfIiZTuazdkkEEUnG6XhWx1JlUpGJstaKndtcQCdNTU5Ghq-jWRhOL4Ayk6Q4fic53A_oeeEoyw33VRBNyzOYKIzfEEKpLxurK78VjJrDC7YmmUQtZd2JQT_PQk0MASkSJ/s1600/rainFall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii4acsmcVUcObfIiZTuazdkkEEUnG6XhWx1JlUpGJstaKndtcQCdNTU5Ghq-jWRhOL4Ayk6Q4fic53A_oeeEoyw33VRBNyzOYKIzfEEKpLxurK78VjJrDC7YmmUQtZd2JQT_PQk0MASkSJ/s320/rainFall.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">Infiltration capacity- With time, infiltration is decreased and infiltration capacity has remained constant. Pores in the soil are less filled with water before precipitation. When precipitation has occurred, pores are getting to fill water. After saturation of all pores in the soil, water cannot be absorbed anymore, therefore, infiltration capacity has become constant.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVGn-l4BreajBFxdmOPOTWwdaXie2mi3B5f_eGP8GkZSmBwWwgzuyf2hQr2kxOnrXv6brDCpMVJtYExRJK2-lSMw0_cHIZjLwQ_vwWgslamx1JCiYrkWcIKrB0XTcY4jmPOKYkGMGlncj-/s1600/rate1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVGn-l4BreajBFxdmOPOTWwdaXie2mi3B5f_eGP8GkZSmBwWwgzuyf2hQr2kxOnrXv6brDCpMVJtYExRJK2-lSMw0_cHIZjLwQ_vwWgslamx1JCiYrkWcIKrB0XTcY4jmPOKYkGMGlncj-/s320/rate1.gif" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJKrC3RWpk9YAcB9hjmdTxooZcyrjvauU72KRbQfWex_fqlZjnYOxOcQfYOK38ezj9TjgdgUeDWnHU1JsQxbaSZ7i-hft7OjT2eT5yGDrSv8HvV0oR0q7AK9miMLK0dpLxhO8447y4uyEC/s1600/rate2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJKrC3RWpk9YAcB9hjmdTxooZcyrjvauU72KRbQfWex_fqlZjnYOxOcQfYOK38ezj9TjgdgUeDWnHU1JsQxbaSZ7i-hft7OjT2eT5yGDrSv8HvV0oR0q7AK9miMLK0dpLxhO8447y4uyEC/s320/rate2.gif" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.2 Factors affecting infiltration<o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">(1) Rainfall<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large;">-Intensity (When infiltration capacity is higher than rainfall capacity, all the rain is infiltrated. When rainfall intensity is higher than infiltration capacity, infiltration is less and runoff has occurred.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 45.75pt; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large;">-Duration (Duration of rainfall is high, infiltration is less and runoff has occurred after a few hours.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">(2) Climate<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large;">-When the temperature is relatively high, the rate of microbial activities is high.  Therefore relatively more amount of organic matter is added to soil surface cover so soil particles are well aggregated so the size of pores is large and infiltration capacity is relatively high.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">(3) Soil characters <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                  -Soil type(Light color soils such as sandy soils have relatively larger infiltration capacity than heavy soils such as clay soils because sandy soils have relatively larger pores that are well connected together than clay soils.)</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">               </span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxIQMg22NO64YtgGzGj6jy7pd9WWRsnttKsStp7-Xet3j5cC7um2drav3trKQQue7noeBVgoJ15TX_OxuyBsX2jl-A28kSRgsJUjKPa37aC6YQzt1hKERoaI7Qf1XUXvM0Rw0rTr7dBzn6/s1600/rate3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxIQMg22NO64YtgGzGj6jy7pd9WWRsnttKsStp7-Xet3j5cC7um2drav3trKQQue7noeBVgoJ15TX_OxuyBsX2jl-A28kSRgsJUjKPa37aC6YQzt1hKERoaI7Qf1XUXvM0Rw0rTr7dBzn6/s320/rate3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> -<span style="font-size: large;">Compaction(Compacted soils have relatively lower infiltration capacity than loose soils because of size and amount of pores in compacted soil is relatively very small therefore compacted soils have less infiltration capacity.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                  -Sun cracks (When soils contain sun cracks, these soils have relatively larger infiltration capacity because soils are so dry and have relatively lowest amount of water.  Therefore infiltration capacity is relatively high. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                      -Depth to storage (When depth between the surface and storage is relatively high, infiltration capacity is high                      because of amount of pores are increased with increasing of depth, therefore, more water is needed to saturated for pores, therefore, infiltration capacity is relatively high.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                      -Soil moisture (When soil have relatively less moisture content, soils can absorb more water, therefore, infiltration capacity is relatively high. High moist soils can absorb relatively less amount of water, therefore, infiltration capacity is restively low.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                      -Soil slope(Steep slopes have relatively less infiltration capacity because of water flows rapidly so water is not retained for a long period so soils can absorb more water, therefore, infiltration capacity is relatively less. Gentle slope have relatively high infiltration capacity because the water flows slowly so water retain in surface relatively long-time period so soils can absorb more water therefore infiltration capacity is restively high.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">(4) Cultivation practices <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                        -Closely growing vegetation (Soils are less compacted so infiltration capacity is high)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                        -Land preparation (Surface roughness is increased in land preparation practices  so infiltration capacity become high)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">(5) Surface cover<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                         -Vegetation cover type (When land has row crops vegetation, most of the land are uncovered of vegetation. Therefore soils are relatively more compacted and consist of low amount of organic matter, therefore, soils have relatively less infiltration capacity.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                         -Organic matter on the surface (When organic matter is relatively high on the surface, infiltration capacity is high because organic matter can hold a large amount of water and allows movement toward soil)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;">                         -Urban paving(Most of the soils in cities are covered by artificial instructions so these soils are avoided to absorb water by these artificial layers so infiltration capacity is relatively low in cities.</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                 <u>3.3 Computing of Infiltration <o:p></o:p></u></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kostiakov’s equation<o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieABNNHJAjqzK7p0QIj_dmI2MfKLb1S6wNIfmzNA8-1YBue9zNAqwGOCoKaN2cRtI23fRk1SkPq6aqxoOgw6-PWJvI1SZJQYxWluxC9ulmjr7H1TIWZlfht1pzYlg5Na5Qu6E_KQd_8Ohe/s1600/str.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieABNNHJAjqzK7p0QIj_dmI2MfKLb1S6wNIfmzNA8-1YBue9zNAqwGOCoKaN2cRtI23fRk1SkPq6aqxoOgw6-PWJvI1SZJQYxWluxC9ulmjr7H1TIWZlfht1pzYlg5Na5Qu6E_KQd_8Ohe/s1600/str.png" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal">                                                                                 <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:154.5pt;height:69.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\MADHUS~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I = Cumulative depth of infiltration<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">t = time</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">k and n are constants<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal">                                      <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:201pt; height:81.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\MADHUS~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYAthBT4RULxAsIcxuDdgG2jt9Nqh1JB9rihYDbwSS1Ytfl9FgmV2TgW8f6aI9fihwiaPQLrNjHoY4P3jAWnvLPHqiZr8zt2w8aNIalSbwl9hvjVF9kAA_0LWuFP6YjKoSUjdO977bi6T1/s1600/str2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYAthBT4RULxAsIcxuDdgG2jt9Nqh1JB9rihYDbwSS1Ytfl9FgmV2TgW8f6aI9fihwiaPQLrNjHoY4P3jAWnvLPHqiZr8zt2w8aNIalSbwl9hvjVF9kAA_0LWuFP6YjKoSUjdO977bi6T1/s1600/str2.png" /></a></div>                     <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 128.25pt; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i = infiltration rate<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 128.25pt; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 128.25pt; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 128.25pt;"> <u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.4 Measurement of infiltration<o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; tab-stops: 128.25pt;"> <u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Double ring infiltrometer</span></u><i> <o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPCI1D_L64d0qSyEkZaODbQHtj53ZrbhyphenhyphenCxDBF8zh6F6luAHX8f3UzvLq22tdYCWvk59Yxgd_2ugGPc2Ym9_PsAMm4Ey_n5vS4BBKcasoiFux6zTOfJW4UEvG1LoqpuHsQOi4anUOqLTiO/s1600/pic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPCI1D_L64d0qSyEkZaODbQHtj53ZrbhyphenhyphenCxDBF8zh6F6luAHX8f3UzvLq22tdYCWvk59Yxgd_2ugGPc2Ym9_PsAMm4Ey_n5vS4BBKcasoiFux6zTOfJW4UEvG1LoqpuHsQOi4anUOqLTiO/s320/pic1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSvLh4ODzXy49bLElA2qJ8yzKyejSTsNQE3x9WxnRRzf5sc2_uvPnVgcgmyuZSScOepSsmSg08TEAsqZXBpS54gckZDXxFlEk3-gXGEMoqMmQjW8oaU2Kw-ougC7-ZG4ikO2bqBDRtibiN/s1600/solis.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSvLh4ODzXy49bLElA2qJ8yzKyejSTsNQE3x9WxnRRzf5sc2_uvPnVgcgmyuZSScOepSsmSg08TEAsqZXBpS54gckZDXxFlEk3-gXGEMoqMmQjW8oaU2Kw-ougC7-ZG4ikO2bqBDRtibiN/s320/solis.gif" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi8klMBBxRYtuaFv09HXIfjpjYfaH5aEex0bXzqAwh1zvTFOhsSRl2VZoza7n9xIkRZfKK-eCi9n19fp7ASa_4XCPj1JtpTE7kf2ryxu5tkeMjbWMiJDAscJSUGJGwxLfFAVkhEyxFszp8/s1600/solis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhi8klMBBxRYtuaFv09HXIfjpjYfaH5aEex0bXzqAwh1zvTFOhsSRl2VZoza7n9xIkRZfKK-eCi9n19fp7ASa_4XCPj1JtpTE7kf2ryxu5tkeMjbWMiJDAscJSUGJGwxLfFAVkhEyxFszp8/s320/solis.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><br /></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The surface vegetation is cleaned without disrobing soil surface.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rings are put into 15cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A plastic / polythene sheet is put inner ring and filled water for particular depth. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Water is poured into the outer ring and allowed it to infiltrate.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The plastic sheets are removed from inner rings and start recording depth with time<o:p></o:p></span></div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-65880709-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>

Infiltration Introduction

3.1 What is the infiltration?                                 Infiltration is a flow of water through the soil surface. Infiltration ef...

Read more »