NaturalGreen

Find Out Here If Our Earth Natural Resources Are Inexhaustible

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Title: Find Out Here If Our Earth Natural Resources Are Inexhaustible
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

The natural resources (metals -uranium, thorium, gold and precious stones-diamonds, sapphires, topazes), hydrocarbons (gaseous, liquid...

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVdxhk3EwFyZw0Y2aO4iMb3SMhIrtgg63koRnSRCXAKsXJzhLKdd0-_6TnKOw0JeISUjfXDgvR1JXFIy9_TafklfYOmL7sx9_cTVZ68VN01kTIgdKg_JDweDswa67UlNVnZjxQeCUKWcER/s1600/solor.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVdxhk3EwFyZw0Y2aO4iMb3SMhIrtgg63koRnSRCXAKsXJzhLKdd0-_6TnKOw0JeISUjfXDgvR1JXFIy9_TafklfYOmL7sx9_cTVZ68VN01kTIgdKg_JDweDswa67UlNVnZjxQeCUKWcER/s1600/solor.PNG" /></a></div>
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The natural resources (metals -uranium, thorium, gold and precious stones-diamonds, sapphires, topazes), hydrocarbons (gaseous, liquid, solid) and geomaterials (rocks, sands, aggregates) are not renewable. As the international economy is primarily constrained by geology, the result is an unequal distribution of the Earth's wealth and a struggle to appropriate it, requiring technological development to increase recoverable volumes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Some even bet that future natural resources will be taken on other planets, on asteroids; teams are already working on it. In the meantime, let's take stock of the current situation: are there still enough resources on our planet? For how long? Estimate their ultimate volume is quite easy thanks to more and more efficient exploration, but predicting their duration of the operation is another pair of sleeves as it depends on random economic and political factors as well in the short and medium terms. Reserves can only evolve over time depending on the means and declaring them is a political and economic activity of great importance.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Fossil Fuel Resources<o:p></o:p></div>
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For more than 15 years the oil and gas peaks have been regularly reported as affected by natural disasters. Yet, it is clear that it is not. As proof, proven reserves of both conventional and sub-conventional and unconventional oil and gas are steadily increasing. The same goes for world production, which has always been able to satisfy demand even when it was supported.  <o:p></o:p><br />
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Will there be a worldwide peak or a long plateau with or without minor peaks? Is this the right question? Should not we rather speak of adequacy between supply and demand? This problem is of prime importance, we have depended for more than a century on more than 80% of fossil energies and the actors of the energy world do not foresee major modifications by 2030, and even 2050, the period during which the demand of Primary energy will increase.<o:p></o:p></div>
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And again, with the world's population increasing every day by 200,000 people, and the standard of living of emerging countries rising continuously! However, technological progress, energy efficiency, and environmental considerations will, probably in the medium term, lead to a gradual reduction in demand.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Of course, fossil fuel reserves are not infinite, but new reserves are discovered, old fields are optimized, technological progress (prospecting techniques, horizontal drilling, and improvement of the primary recovery rate.) This makes it possible to valorize all hydrocarbon resources. Of a conventional oil resource estimated at 6,000 billion barrels (GB), at least 1,200 GB have already been produced (today at a rate of nearly 32 GB/year, or just over 85 million b/day, or about 1000 b/second - 1 barrel = 159 liters).<o:p></o:p></div>
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What remains to recover? For pessimists, about 1,200 to 1,500 GB, for optimists 2,000 to 3,000 GB, the range is broad and mainly driven by the economy (the price of a barrel) and politics (geostrategy). Added to this are (i) unconventional oil (at least the equivalent of 7,000 GB), including oil shale, oil shale, shale oil or shale oil, tight sands, tar sands, and so on, and (ii) conventional and unconventional gas (shale gas and clathrates), also more abundant than conventional oil.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Also, let us add the most abundant fuel, coal, with reserves proven to be three times higher than those of conventional oil. Excluding environmental considerations, these fuels are still usable for a very long time (at least 70 to 100 years for the whole) and we will leave probably the era of the oil while it will remain, in the same way, that the prehistoric man did not leave the Stone Age for lack of stones.<o:p></o:p></div>
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All the better because we do not have in the short term substitutes for airplanes and carbochemistry, the same goes for uranium! Nearly 100 years of constant consumption reserves, then the possibility of producing nuclear energy from thorium, three to four times more common than uranium.<o:p></o:p></div>
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And Mineral Resources<o:p></o:p></div>
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Metals are everywhere, more than twenty in our smartphone the weight of these extracted resources reaches more than 60 Gt/year, more than all the sand displaced on the planet by rivers. Since their exploitation is linked to the improvement of extraction and purification techniques, it is, therefore, possible to increase reserves since low-grade deposits become profitable.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Of course, we started with natural resources that were both extensive and high-grade. Today, it is mostly small to high-grade deposits and others much larger, but with low grades that are exploited. These deposits require huge capital and heavy investments (evacuation of large volumes of rock and consumption of large amounts of water and energy).<o:p></o:p></div>
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Once again, it is difficult to estimate precisely the reserves of metals or precious materials, especially as for technological reasons. All the deposits were only started in the most superficial part of the earth's crust: the deepest mine in the world mines gold in a 3.5 billion-year-old thin quartz vein at a depth of 3.9 km near Johannesburg.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are no geological reasons for such gold veins or deposits of other metals not to continue at greater depths. The drainage of volcanic or non-volcanic submarine deposits is under study. As with oil, the environmental impact is important with deforestation, groundwater and so on.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Nature reserves are diversified and still abundant. Their farms, when poorly managed, deteriorate the environment, these reserves actually correspond more to an economic concept than to a physical concept. Their qualification as reserves depends on the prices and efforts we are willing to make to recover them.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Until now we have remained invigorated energy-hungry, what fossil energy and various metals (fuels and materials) in the 24,000 aircraft carrying 500,000 people around the world at any given moment! This is also part of the question. The reserves are classified into three categories according to the degree of knowledge that one has: reserves 1P or proven (90% of probability of recovering them), reserves 2P or probable (50% of probability) and 3P or possible (10% of probability).<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px;">Lastly, any element of our natural environment, such as soil, water, forests, minerals, and what have you, which humans can use to enhance their well-being can be identified as a natural resource as well. Oil and conventional gas represent hydrocarbons trapped in reservoir rocks, unconventional hydrocarbons have remained in source rocks. The sub-conventional hydrocarbons are trapped in reservoirs located in more than 300 m of water and are inexhaustible out there. </span>

Find Out Here If Our Earth Natural Resources Are Inexhaustible

The natural resources (metals -uranium, thorium, gold and precious stones-diamonds, sapphires, topazes), hydrocarbons (gaseous, liquid...

Carbon sequestration in forests as a the long-term solution for climate change mitigation

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Title: Carbon sequestration in forests as a the long-term solution for climate change mitigation
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

The increase in the level of the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has contributed to global warming which is the increase...

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguwKXZ7b8NBNxm2HKaXzmvY88KzHI1ymIF907bG3Cok9PPft4jbXqS-ETGm2yfu9ZiHky1EiI0fswXlpNN3KciesFnVzIr3JGtRK6JxEeCN2Ya7UvKaJprvVfchWhvZer-5OS2xPXwndvO/s1600/natural-climate-solutions.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguwKXZ7b8NBNxm2HKaXzmvY88KzHI1ymIF907bG3Cok9PPft4jbXqS-ETGm2yfu9ZiHky1EiI0fswXlpNN3KciesFnVzIr3JGtRK6JxEeCN2Ya7UvKaJprvVfchWhvZer-5OS2xPXwndvO/s640/natural-climate-solutions.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The increase in the level of the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has contributed to global warming which is the increase in temperature of the earth’s near-surface air and oceans(Ramachandran et al., 2008) and other associated impacts including sea ice melting and sea level rise during recent decades.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Carbon dioxide has become a major contributor to the greenhouse gas effect despite other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Thereby lowering the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is set out as one of the essential global targets. The continued increase in its concentration in the atmosphere is believed to be accelerated by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation (IPCC, 2007). One of the major approaches for the lowering atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is carbon (C) sequestration in the forests, a process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in the trees.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">According to the Kyoto Protocol (KP), carbon sequestration in terrestrial sinks can be used to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Forests have a higher Carbon density compared to other ecosystems types (Bolin et al., 2000). Forest ecosystems store more than 80% of all terrestrial aboveground carbon and more than 70% of all soil organic Carbon (Six et al., 2002a).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The amount of carbon dioxide sequestered in the forest ecosystem products is greater than the amount of carbon dioxide released through the decomposition and combustion of biomass (Flugsrud et al. 2001). The annual Carbon Dioxide exchange between forests and the atmosphere via photosynthesis and respiration is nearly 50 Pg C/yr. It is 7 times greater than the current anthropogenic carbon emission.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">IPCC has been concluded that the cumulative amount of carbon that can be preserved and sequestrated during the period of 1995-2050 by lowering the deforestation and promoting reforestation in the tropics, associated with the implementation of a global forestation program is about 67-80 GTC(Browns et al., 1996).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Due to an unexpected population growth associated with economic development, intensifying deforestation and degradation of existing natural forest cover, arising demand for forest products as well as non-timber forest products including medicines and fuelwood and accelerated carbon dioxide emissions from anthropogenic sources have declined the global warming mitigating the potential of the forests. So the deforestation is needed to be lower and the reforestation has to be promoted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">According to the IPCC (2006), there are five carbon pools of a terrestrial ecosystem involving biomass including above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, and the dead mass of litter, woody debris, and soil organic matter. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The above-ground biomass of a tree constitutes the major portion of the carbon pool. It is the most important and visible carbon pool of the terrestrial forest ecosystem. Any land use change like forest degradation and deforestation has a direct impact on this component of the carbon pool. The below-ground biomass which is comprised of all the live roots plays an important role in the carbon cycle by transferring and storing carbon in the soil. Both the above and belowground components of terrestrial ecosystems have sequestered 20–25 % of the carbon globally from fossil fuel combustion and cement production between 2000 and 2008 (IGBP/GCP 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Soil organic matter is also a chief contributor to the carbon stocks of forests, next only to the above-ground biomass and soils are a major source of carbon emissions following deforestation. The dead mass of litter and woody debris are not a major carbon pool as they contribute merely a small fraction to the carbon stocks of forests</span></div>

Carbon sequestration in forests as a the long-term solution for climate change mitigation

The increase in the level of the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has contributed to global warming which is the increase...

Carbon Trading

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Title: Carbon Trading
Author: natural green
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Carbon trading is an approach used to control carbon dioxide pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving emissions redu...

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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;">Carbon trading is an
approach used to control carbon dioxide pollution by providing economic
incentives for achieving emissions reductions. The use of market mechanisms, in
the form of carbon trading, has emerged as a key narrative in the international
response to climate change formalized in the United Nations Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Carbon trading was first
proposed to the Second Conference of the Parties (COP) of the UNFCCC in 1996  and was later enshrined in the CDM of the Kyoto protocol of 1997.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There are two main forms
that carbon trading takes: ‘cap and trade’ and offsetting. Under cap and trade
schemes, governments or intergovernmental bodies set an overall legal limit on
emissions in a certain time period (‘a cap’) and then grant industries a
certain number of licenses to pollute (‘carbon permits’ or ‘emissions
allowances’). Companies that do not meet their cap can buy permits from others.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon offsets are based
on ‘emissions-saving projects’ that are created to ‘compensate’ for continued
pollution in industrialized countries in the North. Offsets’ under the Kyoto A protocol is referred to as emissions reductions not covered by the cap in an
ETS. Pollution continues at one location and equivalent emissions saving or
increasing the capacity such as sink (such as forests or soils) will happen
elsewhere beyond ‘business as usual’. Offsets are also now widely traded
outside the Kyoto-compliance market, including by individuals and firms voluntarily
aiming to offset their GHG emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under Kyoto offset
projects fall under either the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or Joint
Implementation (JI) and create credits called certified emission reduction
(CER) and emission reduction unit (ERU) respectively. Currently CDM projects
are the major source of Kyoto offsets and occur in industrially developing
countries falling outside any Kyoto emissions limits. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JI refers to projects
based in industrialized countries, typically Eastern Europe. Kyoto offsets
support industrialized countries with greater flexibility in meeting their
caps whilst achieving sustainable development and are also referred to as
‘flexibility mechanisms’. These offsets do not require a polluting source to
reduce its emissions, but instead, allow them to increase emissions and offset
them elsewhere. They could just as sensibly be called certified ‘emission
increase’ units. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Growing trees are
important components for carbon trading which happens under the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) established under the Kyoto Protocol United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Carbon trading allows
developed countries to offset some of their carbon emissions by investing in
climate-friendly projects, such as tree planting under forestry CDM projects,
in developing countries.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">While net global
emissions reductions should occur for source offset, where sink offsets are
involved the total scale of systemic GHG cycling will be expanded (e.g. via
more sources justified by more sinks). Such a process seriously risks further
enhancing the Greenhouse Effect. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Offsets also have several
problems as following. The amount of carbon emitted by the source is not always
equivalent to the amount of carbon offset by the sinks. The amount of carbon sequestration
in trees and soils varies greatly depending on the local environmental
conditions, skills of foresters, management practices and enforcement of regulations.
Forestry can also be subjected to disturbance and soil erosion resulting
release of the stored carbon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Carbon Trading

Carbon trading is an approach used to control carbon dioxide pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving emissions redu...

Environmental Problems And Sustainable Use Of Natural Resources

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Title: Environmental Problems And Sustainable Use Of Natural Resources
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

In environmental problems and sustainable use of natural resources, significant imbalances exist in practically all major environmental...

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In environmental problems and sustainable use of natural
resources, significant imbalances exist in practically all major environmental
areas. Our services in environmental consulting consist of being able to
identify these environmental problems and improve the sustainable uses of the
resources.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Water represents one of the priority aspects of
environmental matters. There are very severe problems in terms of water
scarcity for human consumption, water quality and pollution of water resources.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are countries that face a worrisome and natural
disaster situation, such as Chile, where desertification affects more than 60%
of the territory and produces palpable drops in agricultural production. If
that trend continues and there is no Naturalizer to help the situation, Chile
is heading to be a desert. <o:p></o:p></div>
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A Kind Of Little Awareness <o:p></o:p></div>
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We’re truly astonished by the little awareness of these
natural disasters. Instead of being in the first or second place of political
and civic attention, the issue of the natural disaster is marginalized. This shows
that we still suffer from many political limitations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In several countries, the confluence between the natural
disasters or alteration of the water cycle and watersheds, the loss of forests
or another native flora and the advance of climate change generates enormous
ecological disasters. <o:p></o:p></div>
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There are areas that go through recurrent droughts and
others suffer from unforeseen floods. These and other effects hit mainly
peasants and indigenous people. There must be a kind of Naturalizer to assist
such ugly circumstances, even in this modern 21 century<o:p></o:p></div>
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In some affected spot there are just fewer resources in
capital or Naturalizer to deal with those natural disasters exploitation
impacts and, therefore, when they are hit, they contribute even more to leaving
them in a situation of poverty or vulnerability. It is because of these
perverse links between different types of environmental deterioration that I
believe that peasants and family farmers are in much more risky conditions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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To make matters worse, to further complicate the situation,
governments have appealed to reduce environmental controls. The measures are
added to cut the mechanisms of information and environmental participation,
they want to lighten the environmental impact assessments or even to exonerate
different works of that requirement and the locals' organizations are
persecuted. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The myth is fostered that environmental controls impede
development and flexibilities of all kinds are imposed. Then, the state of the
environment deteriorates and, at the same time, our citizen tools to face
everything that is increasingly limited, and the State, far from strengthening
itself in protecting the common good, shrinks even more.<o:p></o:p></div>
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What Are The Consequences Of This Natural Resources
Situation For Families, Organizations?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
The situation of small farmers, especially those who
practice Agroecology, is still very delicate. In all countries, whether under
conservative or progressive presidencies, the recent economic booms were not
used. There were many times when these states had a lot of money from the
natural resources and did not use it to promote a more democratic, less
polluting, more sovereign agricultural conversion. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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On the other hand, a large part of the state funds from
natural resources were going to promote more mining and oil extractivism, and
the proportionally less that was devoted to agriculture ended up promoting
monocultures and Agro exports.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
Hardly supported the organic production, many
agro-ecological experiences have managed to survive in spite of everything, and
even some have proliferated. But almost always it has been by the push of the
own agriculturists, by alliances with groups of responsible consumers, or
because they found some niche of the exporting market. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The State did not actually support the recovery of
traditional knowledge or the generation of new scientific information or even technological
applications for Agroecology. On the contrary, most of the work in science and
technology that is devoted to further promoting transgenic varieties, as
happened in the Southern Cone countries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Increasing Levels Of Water Consumption<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
The problem includes very high and increasing levels of
water consumption per capita; high levels of inefficiency in its use; very low
percentage of wastewater treatment; a very small percentage of reuse and severely
contaminated water bodies.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Soil and waste is another priority area from the point of
view of environmental policy. Particularly severe are the following problems:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div 16.0pt="" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" font-size:="" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<h3>
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 16.0pt;">        
</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lack of identification of sources of generation
and the flow of hazardous waste.</span><br />
 <span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span></span>Great insufficiency of infrastructure for the
management and final disposal of waste that could lead to disasters.</span></h3>
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
Biodiversity is yet another major problem that has to do
with the loss of vegetation cover (forests, primarily) at very fast rates, as
well as with the deterioration of many of the ecosystems and their flora
species because of the exploitation of our natural resources out there.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
Air Problems in air quality are faced in a high number of
urban and industrial areas. Sometimes there are impacts on health. Management
capacity in this area, however, has been improving in recent years, mainly with
respect to the emissions reduction of large generators, verification, and
monitoring in terms of fixed sources.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
The growing demand for energy and the limitations of the
current installed capacity to supply it, as well as the need to diversify
sources of energy supply, make renewable energies and energy efficiency two
very important items for the coming years, On the other hand, they offer a high
potential for development.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
Risk, Noise, And Vibrations From The Exploitation Of Natural
Resources<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
The environmental natural disasters and the need to prevent
impacts on health and ecosystems are becoming more important. It is associated,
however, primarily with high-risk economic activities.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
Change and sustainable use of natural resources<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
There must be a change in production, many of the items that
are made of metals today can also be made from plastics, e.g., car bodies. If
less oil is consumed in the course of the energy transition, there is still a
loophole for a while, because this saved oil can be used to produce plastics.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: 16.0pt;">
Finally, some of the natural resources such as the world's
oil reserves are coming to an end. Saudi Arabia that has become infinitely
rich with their oil, have long since realized that the natural resources wealth
of their dominion is over and are now investing in forward-looking industries!
Every other nation must begin to look the other way like Saudi Arabia and also
improve the sustainability of these natural resources.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />

Environmental Problems And Sustainable Use Of Natural Resources

In environmental problems and sustainable use of natural resources, significant imbalances exist in practically all major environmental...

Effects of Mini Hydropower Plant and Their Solutions

natural green

Link Author

Title: Effects of Mini Hydropower Plant and Their Solutions
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Introduction: Non renewable energy sources including fossil fuel, nuclear energy and coal have been used to generate electricity aroun...

<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Non renewable energy sources including fossil fuel,
nuclear energy and coal have been used to generate electricity around the
world. Depletion of non-renewable energy sources, environmental pollution
associated with fossil fuel burning and disposal of nuclear waste, energy
crisis and increasing demand are recognized as arising problems associated with
the energy generation from non-renewable energy sources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recently mini hydropower plants are being promoted
as renewable energy. Hydropower projects below 10 MW capacity are defined as
mini hydropower projects. The hydropower generated within the mini hydropower
plants can be used in two different way. Generated hydropower plant can be sold
to national grid. The generated hydropower can be distributed to use within the
local area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvIlBDS1ZakfskslhLaxxKl2ZGCJyb9orzsN2DEj6ewOcICvEi73QI9I8Y8IYkm2UWyhr9Db8nxYjuLQ__BsfglneCY5lsWIK6mi6WHAG-QmNQDdB1ei2gSF7BKy87BXnPUDs-OXYaJiUS/s1600/image1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="616" data-original-width="988" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvIlBDS1ZakfskslhLaxxKl2ZGCJyb9orzsN2DEj6ewOcICvEi73QI9I8Y8IYkm2UWyhr9Db8nxYjuLQ__BsfglneCY5lsWIK6mi6WHAG-QmNQDdB1ei2gSF7BKy87BXnPUDs-OXYaJiUS/s640/image1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although hydropower is often marketed as green
energy, there are still social and environmental impacts which usually varies
with the size of the power plant. Impacts associated with mini hydropower
plants are mostly restricted to local environment and public attention dose not
drawn towards these impacts. Further, such impacts could vary with the locations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Impacts associated with mini hydropower plants<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mini hydropower plants effects the environment at
different stages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impact on air at project zone</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
- Heavy vehicles used for excavation and material transporting such as tractors
and loaders emits polluted air due to fuel combustion during the construction
phase of MHP (Cara et al. 2010). Dust is also emitted through the unloading
sand, cement and explosive material. Further, emissions from chemicals such as
paints, fuel and lubricants available at the site affect negatively to the
sensitive biodiversity around the project (Gvakharia 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Impact due
to noise</b> - Project noise can affect during both construction and operation
phases. Concrete vibrators, diesel motors, trash rack cleaner, the trash
conveyor, heavy vehicles and explosions generators disturbing noise at the
construction phase while turbines, the gearbox, the turbine, the transformer,
the hydroelectric unit and the speed increaser can generate continuous noise in
the operation phase of hydropower plants (Cara et al 2010). Noise generated
from construction effects temporary on forest fauna. It may scare birds,
reptiles and other animals. Fauna near to the power plant are effected by the
noise generated from turbines throughout the operation stage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impact to the riverine environment –Water storage or
diverting flow in the upstream of a stream effects proceeding the downstream. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Trees damaging earth structure as well as vegetation
in upper catchment area have to be removed to provide easy access construction
of infrastructure for mini hydropower plant. Those deforestation activities
negatively affect the sensitive aquatic structure of the area, destroy the food
and habitats of animals, disturb the food chain and cause soil erosion, remove top
soil, finally leads to slope instability in the impact area. Water sources dry
up due to deforesting and affect the domestic water supplies of the area. Felling
economic crops and trees with timber value affects the economy of the society
of the particular area (Thoradeniya et al. 2007). The topography of the area is
changed by the constructing concrete structure and felling trees. Those topographic
changes can decrease the esthetic beauty and land value of the area. Such
deteriorations in catchment increase the soil erosion potential of channel beds
and banks and ultimately leads to landslide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Explosive materials have to be used for explosion of
rocky substrates during constructions phase of the mini hydropower plants. Those
explosions effect health and safety of employees and neighbors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It the hydropower generation is involved with the
upstream areas of main rivers, it affects the water body all over the country. Water
diversions for power generation causes either complete eliminating or
significant reduction of downstream flow during dry season. It increases the
risk of salt intrusion towards the fresh water rivers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This flow
variation with time negatively effects the structure of aquatic ecosystem
structure and fishing migration in between intake and outlet of the power plant.
Allocation of water from stream for hydropower plant generation leads to water
shortages for other water users including irrigation, agriculture and other traditional
usage of the stream.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemicals used in construction and operation stages cause
sudden leakage or spills and mix with stream. It reduces water quality and affects
the whole biodiversity of the area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Construction
activities of mini hydropower plants leads to heavy sedimentation at the
reservoir base. It reduces the capacity of the catchment bed. Thereby it
increases the potential of flood during heavy rains. Deposition of sediment on
the breeding ground effects the reproduction of the aquatic animals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Birds and other human activities are obstructed by transmission
lines through sensitive ecosystem. It causes bird strikes and electrocutions.
Further, health and safety issues like cancer and headache for human are also
caused by high voltage transmission lines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Storage of water in a same place for long time
provide ideal breeding habitats for mosquitoes. Thereby it indirectly increases
the transmission of vector borne disease to surrounding areas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water shortage of stream results in declined
landscape values and tourism activities and cause disturbance to other leisure
activities related to the stream. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The construction of dam across stream disturb the migrations
of fish species for different needs including reproduction and searching of food.
These movements are always essential to ensure the fish survival. One of best example
is the migration of eel that, after growing in the river, moves into sea across
the downstream in order to reproduce. It also separates the populations of
aquatic organisms. Continuous rotation of turbine kill or injures the fishes
which pass through it. Thereby mini hydropower reduce the population density of
aquatic animals and decline the biodiversity of the aquatic body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 107%;">Mini hydropower
plants are not totally emission free. Small run-of-the-river plants will
typically emit between 0.01 and 0.03 pounds of CO2 per kWh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Migratory measures:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the
best methods to evaluate the socioeconomic and environmental impacts linked
with mini hydropower throughout the to the project life cycle before the
construction of them and suggests the most suitable mitigation measures. Cost
benefit analysis can be carried out to select the best place for construction
of mini hydropower including the environmental impacts as cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Careful design and rational operation can mitigate
these effects effectively and enhance the integration of the plant within the
natural environment in which it is built as following.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A minimum flow must be released for hydro power
generation in order to maintain adequate environmental flow to preserve the
hydrological continuity of the river and the conserve the natural habitat and
ecological life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The impacts of noise can be unacceptable when the
mini hydropower plant is located near to houses or in a sensitive natural area.
Small tolerances in gear manufacturing, application of sound insulating
blankets over the turbine casing, use of water cooling instead of air cooling
of the generator and acoustic insulation of the building can be taken to
minimize the noise around the mini hydropower plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hydraulic
wheels with a fixed barrage inside of them can be installed rather than
conventional turbine. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rotation
velocity of the vanes is 10 times slower than the conventional ones. So Fish
can go through the turbines without any damage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The construction of fish ladder, dissipate the
energy providing a low-velocity flow through which the fish can easily ascend.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbS74plkvvnlqirNpqze3h5MHvGxVahiirilbWDxIJWdlpn-bFz-Iv6fzkGP7B3E7ITBMK2DOe0CklcBgBtAxhbeR6xCAo2Font0e4r17j9B-LfPUrz-jmEEi43wWR4QkGCrLMRM4FPMSt/s1600/image2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="226" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbS74plkvvnlqirNpqze3h5MHvGxVahiirilbWDxIJWdlpn-bFz-Iv6fzkGP7B3E7ITBMK2DOe0CklcBgBtAxhbeR6xCAo2Font0e4r17j9B-LfPUrz-jmEEi43wWR4QkGCrLMRM4FPMSt/s320/image2.png" width="241" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The mini hydro power plants can be constructed with
minimum damage to the catchment vegetation. Trees can be grown around the
catchment of existing plants to enhance the esthetic value of the environment,
preserve the biodiversity and trap the water during heavy rainfall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Timber and stone wall or brush mattress can be
applied to protect the stream bank from the erosion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The power house can be constructed by using natural
features including use of local stones, ground, and vegetation for the building
and, non-contrasting colors and textures for painting to reduce contrast with
the background to minimize visual impact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Small-scale weirs can be built to trap the sands and
the particles and later it can be manually removed. The accumulation of
sediment can be reduced through the mechanically removing the sediments by
periodic dredging (Bergkamp et al., 2000). Sediments can be removed through
periodic flushing of the reservoir by releasing large volumes of water through
outlets in the dam. In the case of run of rivers, flow diversion is helped to
reduce the sedimentation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The renewable energy label can be given for both of
new and existing hydropower plants. Highest standard can be only achieved by following
the strict environmental conditions including improving environmental flows,
sediment flushing, fish ladders and protective measures for wetland. In
addition to those protective measures, operators have to allocate a part of
their income for environmental improvement measures, including habitat restoration
and rehabilitation. Consumers can choose to purchase ‘green’ electricity at a higher
price.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />

Effects of Mini Hydropower Plant and Their Solutions

Introduction: Non renewable energy sources including fossil fuel, nuclear energy and coal have been used to generate electricity aroun...

Chemical leasing

natural green

Link Author

Title: Chemical leasing
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Chemicals using industries : cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, f...

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<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemicals using
industries</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water
treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, fertilizers and
pesticides in agriculture, makeup accessories, lubricants and detergents in
beverage industry, cleaning of vessels in the food industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemical leasing</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
is Chemical leasing is a service-oriented business model that shifts the focus
from increasing sales volume of chemicals, toward a value-added approach. (UNIDO)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Importance of chemical
leasing over traditional approach <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Over
consumption of chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lack
of proper disposal method or recycling of excess chemicals <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Use
of inefficient machines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impacts of improper
disposal of hazardous chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Global
warming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bioaccumulation
and bio- magnification along aquatic food chains<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ozone
depletion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Acid
rains<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The difference between
traditional chemical business model and chemical leasing model<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglkM_TvUZDZJSXKDS4kkPDZeBlNYrtdisMJnpZpjsbK1WsGLBgAFDB7BxvceJx7HjATtZkGEY5tDsf8bY7Tbt_ZuSR5jS8bP_8iW1p_7VdvvLxhAZ-pEf-0ulBqfhWWAjT46VIG2oPDE8-/s1600/exmaple+0.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="735" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglkM_TvUZDZJSXKDS4kkPDZeBlNYrtdisMJnpZpjsbK1WsGLBgAFDB7BxvceJx7HjATtZkGEY5tDsf8bY7Tbt_ZuSR5jS8bP_8iW1p_7VdvvLxhAZ-pEf-0ulBqfhWWAjT46VIG2oPDE8-/s640/exmaple+0.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Traditional chemical
business model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Chemicals are mainly sold to the
customers by chemical producers. The payment is based on the volume or tons of
chemicals sold. Increasing the sells chemicals or increasing the price of
chemicals are the options amiable for the chemical producers to gain a large
profit but <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the chemicals producers tend
to sell more volume or tons of chemicals in order to enhance their profit due
to the competition between chemical producers. The chemicals producers does not
bear the responsibility of management of the produced chemicals throughout the
entire life cycle of chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemical leasing model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:
The functions performed by the chemical is mainly sold to users and suppliers
by the chemical producer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The payment is
based on the functional units. The profit is increased with increasing of
functional unit per volume or kg of chemicals. Chemical producers has to take
the responsibility of management of produced chemicals throughout their entire
life cycle including management of the waste.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifk0mk1Q7U5Q8ou72eCJ2MwGj6TulMxRchRdJ7a4X5wV-zQ4RdCDGfNrHWbedNuWjQxSMFOo_d0-_CClUPCQMCo8S1sHXAEsyjYvY9fyYNPT_LAKTgUC8PJK__UskFin33ldEjQNSoKUHb/s1600/exmaple.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="637" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifk0mk1Q7U5Q8ou72eCJ2MwGj6TulMxRchRdJ7a4X5wV-zQ4RdCDGfNrHWbedNuWjQxSMFOo_d0-_CClUPCQMCo8S1sHXAEsyjYvY9fyYNPT_LAKTgUC8PJK__UskFin33ldEjQNSoKUHb/s640/exmaple.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The chemical leasing
model creates a win-win situation because it gives the benefits for both
producers and users. The chemical leasing has designed to achieve efficient use
of chemicals and reduce health risks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It improves the
economic and environmental performance of participating companies, and enhances
their access to new markets. Proper benefit sharing, high-quality standards and
mutual trust between participating companies are considered as the key elements
of successful chemical leasing model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Advantages of chemical
leasing:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Enhance
the efficiency of workers and production process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
the cost related to transportation and storage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Significant
cost reduction through the reduction of chemical usage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
hazardous waste generation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Enhance
the work place safety<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Boarder
the assess to new markets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
the environmental impacts related to production process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Raise
the awareness of employees regarding handling chemicals and health hazardous <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Able
to comply with environmental regulations related to waste management <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Case study in Siberia <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos, largest <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">mineral water and
beverages producer of Siberia has implemented a successful chemical leasing
project for its conveyor belts with the cooperation of its chemical supplier
Ecolab in 2009. Lubricants are generally applied to maintain the smooth
movement of bottles along the conveyor belts. In earlier, water based
lubricants were applied to the conveyor belts.</span></span> Alkyl amines and
acetic acid compounds which are corrosive and toxic were mainly used as
lubricants. <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Despite the
environmental issues regarding high water consumption and high occupational risks,
those chemical based lubricants had hazardous properties. Spraying those
lubricants to conveyor line made the floor slippery and led to work place
accidents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos was able to
find an innovative approach to enhance efficiency the production process and ensure
the work place safety under the guidance of Cleaner Production Centre in Serbia.
The hazardous water based lubricant was substituted by the non- hazardous dried
lubricant. The use of dry lubricants lefts the floor dry. Thereby it eliminate
the occupational safety risks of employees. Nozzles and automated dosage system
were installed to conveyor line. The factory pays the working time of the
conveyor belt for the Ecolab rather than <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">paying kg of lubricants. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ecolab
has encouraged to optimize the effectiveness of their lubricants because their
profit gained from </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos is increased with the
reducing the volume of lubricant for the <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">conveyor belts. The shifting into dry
lubricants eliminate the water and chemicals for pretreatment and waste water
treatment process, reduce the chemical consumption by 50% and save water. It is
also able to reduce the health risk associated with aerosols in working place.
The coast saving per convoy line has recorded as EUR 5,700 per year. Although
Ecolab sells less volume of lubricants, it gains high profit through their
service. Both </span></span>Knjaz Milos and Ecolab <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">were awarded with a Gold for their chemical
leasing project at the Global Chemical Leasing Award in June 2012.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br /><br />

Chemical leasing

Chemicals using industries : cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, f...

Water footprint

natural green

Link Author

Title: Water footprint
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

• Water footprint is the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we consume. Importance of e...

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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water footprint is the</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">amount of water used to produce each of the goods and
services we consume.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Importance of
estimation of water footprint</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water has become scarce resource in
many region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
extraction rate of ground water has exceeded the rate of natural replenishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
has no equal distribution throughout the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Significant
fraction of available water is not suitable for human consumption due to the
pollution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Most
of the area of the world do not receive sufficient rain or seasonal rain
pattern has been changed as results of global climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identify
the water intensive products, services, behaviors and input into production. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Help
to reduce the water consumption or pollution through a production chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manufacturing
goods at one place have impacts on water basin anywhere else.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The difference between traditional water withdrawal indicator
and water footprint<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
water withdrawal indicator considers the non-consumptive water use too. Non
consumptive water use refers the return water flow. The blue water footprint of
direct water footprint of a product is considered as the return flow. The water
footprint only take consumptive water use into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
withdrawal indicator only measures the blue water footprint component but water
footprint involves the measurement of all three components (Blue water
footprint, green water footprint and gray water footprint).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
withdrawal indicator refers to only the direct water use but the water
footprint considers both direct and indirect water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b>water
footprint of a product</b> is the volume of freshwater used to produce the
product, measured over the various steps of the production chain. The water use
is taken as the measure of the water volumes of consumed of polluted. Water
evaporated or incorporated to products is considered as the water consumption.
Thereby that water may be no longer able to be used in its original form or
reuse readily. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
water footprint of a product is estimated as the volume of fresh water used per
unit of product.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The water
footprint is often divided into three components. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Green water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the volume of water consumed from the global
green water resources (rainwater stored in the form of soil moisture).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Blue water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the total volume of freshwater consumed from
the global blue water resources (surface water and ground water).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gray water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the volume of freshwater that is needed to dilute
the pollutants load to meet the existing national water quality standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Virtual-water chain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">    The ‘virtual-water
content’ of a product (good or service) is considered as the volume of fresh
water used to produce the product, over all steps of the production chain.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Bsh3Tq2Jwbwu8W-dbR0d6r83NHpBOO0QWiFdCZrK5tDqam1LdSaPM3T0PeNdURAAM7PKKoB70fq21WIkVMbbjJUEHsgjfSeJrIW2RIO_7ZU2imQj9PFnAAemgDjnc4HXk62xuFBB1nE/s1600/water+flow.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="776" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Bsh3Tq2Jwbwu8W-dbR0d6r83NHpBOO0QWiFdCZrK5tDqam1LdSaPM3T0PeNdURAAM7PKKoB70fq21WIkVMbbjJUEHsgjfSeJrIW2RIO_7ZU2imQj9PFnAAemgDjnc4HXk62xuFBB1nE/s640/water+flow.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The water used to produce a product
is considered as the virtual water except the water contained in the product.
The virtual-water content of a product is significant compare to the real water
content of most products. The water use at a particular step is considered as
the direct water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a business <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is the measure of total volume of fresh water
directly or indirectly incorporated use to run or support a business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Use of water in the business <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is incorporated as an ingredient into products or
used as a solvent. After production process, raw water is subjected to
pollution and released as effluents which threat the wellbeing of the aquatic
ecosystems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Problems associated with mismanagement of waste
water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Disrupt the company reputation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Pay for the pollution caused by particular industry
(Polluter pay principle) to the nearby water systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Subject to strict regulatory control if the company
does not take appropriate action to manage the incidents regarding sudden
failure of the waste water management <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Insufficient availability of freshwater for conducting
the operations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; tab-stops: 78.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Water
footprint of a business is comprised of two components including direct water
use and indirect water use. Direct water use refers to the operational water
print. Indirect water use refers to the supply chain water footprint. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">The <b>operational water footprint</b> is the water
consumption and pollution related to the operations within the business. The
operational water footprints is again divided into two components as
operational water footprint directly associated with production of products and
overhead operational water footprint. A considerable fraction of water returns
to blue water resources after waste water treatment process therefore only consumptive
water use of the blue water footprint is considered in the estimation of water
footprint of production of products. The overhead</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">
operational water footprint is </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">the water consumption and pollution related to general water using
activities including water use in bathroom and kitchen, watering the garden and
washing the worker’s clothes within the business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> The <b>supply
chain water footprint</b> is </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">the volume of freshwater consumed or polluted to
produce all the inputs of production of the business. Thereby water footprint
of one business can be overlapped with water footprint of another business
through the supply chain. The supply chain water footprint is also again
divided into water footprint related to products inputs and overhead supply
chain water footprint. Overhead supply-chain water footprint</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">is the volume of water consumed or polluted due
to the materials and energy for general use including cars, trucks, fuels,
electricity.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Supply chain water footprint is larger than
operational water footprint of many business which does not have own
agricultural activities to produce their input since production of feed for animals
requires much water than operating the processing industry including cleaning,
washing equipment and pollution . The supply chain water footprint is dominated
by green water while the operational water footprint is dominated by blue and
gray water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a person<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">The water footprint
of a person is the total volume of freshwater consume or polluted to produce
all the good and services. According to the recent researches, nearly 4 % of
the water footprint of humanity relates to water use at home (Hoekstra and
Mekonnen </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a consumer is divided into two
components including direct use and indirect use. Direct use refers to the
water use at home. It includes the drinking, bathing, cooking and washing at
home. Number water units consumed per month is used to calculate the direct
water use. The water footprint regarding consumed goods and services is
considered as the indirect water use. Multiplication of number unit consumed
from each good and services by their respective water footprint is summed to
estimate the indirect water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduction of water footprint:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Industry</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:
water meters should be installed to monitor the water use. Water audits should
be conducted to identify the leaks and fix them as soon as possible. Raw
materials with low water footprint should be used for manufacturing goods and
services rather than raw materials with intensive water footprint. As an
example, sugar cane cultivation requires more water than beet cultivation.
Water results from the evaporation from beet can be used for the operations
within the sugar manufacturing industries. Thereby it eliminates total water
requirements from blue water resources including ground water and surface
water. Therefore use of beet as raw materials can reduce the total water
footprint along the both operational and supply chain of sugar manufacturing
industry. Rain water harvesting system can be installed to store the rain
water. These rainwater can be incorporated into boilers, condensers, cleaning
the factory floors and flushing the toilets to reduce the use of portable water
within the factories. Waste water treatment plant should be constructed or
existing waste water treatment plant should be further improved to enhance the
quality of the treated water. These treated water can be used for cleaning
purposes and boilers of the factories. The pressure of the water distribution
system can be reduced to decrease the volume of water delivered for particular
purpose. Regular taps should be replaced by sensor taps to prevent leakages.
Dual flush system should be installed for the toilets system rather water
intensive single flush system. Dual flush system has separate flushing for
feces with high water requirement and urine with less water requirement. The
volume of the tank of toilet tank can be reduced by using a displacement device
such as bottle filled with water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">

</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Personal: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Good
and services with large water footprint should be purchased rather than goods
and services with small water footprint. Products associated with beef meet
requires more water than products associated with chicken meet because the
cultivation of feed for cattle often consumes more water. Water saving
techniques including sensor taps, faucet aerators, dual flushing systems and
rain water harvesting systems can be implemented. The top loading washers can
be replaced with less water consuming </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">front-loading clothes washers</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.
Leaks should be identified and fixed. Spills should be avoided as much as
possible. Although people can reduce the negative impacts related to direct
water use, it is difficult to reduce the negative consequences of indirect
water footprint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Water footprint

• Water footprint is the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we consume. Importance of e...

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