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Carbon sequestration in forests as a the long-term solution for climate change mitigation

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Title: Carbon sequestration in forests as a the long-term solution for climate change mitigation
Author: natural green
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The increase in the level of the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has contributed to global warming which is the increase...

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguwKXZ7b8NBNxm2HKaXzmvY88KzHI1ymIF907bG3Cok9PPft4jbXqS-ETGm2yfu9ZiHky1EiI0fswXlpNN3KciesFnVzIr3JGtRK6JxEeCN2Ya7UvKaJprvVfchWhvZer-5OS2xPXwndvO/s1600/natural-climate-solutions.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguwKXZ7b8NBNxm2HKaXzmvY88KzHI1ymIF907bG3Cok9PPft4jbXqS-ETGm2yfu9ZiHky1EiI0fswXlpNN3KciesFnVzIr3JGtRK6JxEeCN2Ya7UvKaJprvVfchWhvZer-5OS2xPXwndvO/s640/natural-climate-solutions.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The increase in the level of the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has contributed to global warming which is the increase in temperature of the earth’s near-surface air and oceans(Ramachandran et al., 2008) and other associated impacts including sea ice melting and sea level rise during recent decades.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Carbon dioxide has become a major contributor to the greenhouse gas effect despite other greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6). Thereby lowering the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is set out as one of the essential global targets. The continued increase in its concentration in the atmosphere is believed to be accelerated by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation (IPCC, 2007). One of the major approaches for the lowering atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is carbon (C) sequestration in the forests, a process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in the trees.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">According to the Kyoto Protocol (KP), carbon sequestration in terrestrial sinks can be used to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Forests have a higher Carbon density compared to other ecosystems types (Bolin et al., 2000). Forest ecosystems store more than 80% of all terrestrial aboveground carbon and more than 70% of all soil organic Carbon (Six et al., 2002a).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">The amount of carbon dioxide sequestered in the forest ecosystem products is greater than the amount of carbon dioxide released through the decomposition and combustion of biomass (Flugsrud et al. 2001). The annual Carbon Dioxide exchange between forests and the atmosphere via photosynthesis and respiration is nearly 50 Pg C/yr. It is 7 times greater than the current anthropogenic carbon emission.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">IPCC has been concluded that the cumulative amount of carbon that can be preserved and sequestrated during the period of 1995-2050 by lowering the deforestation and promoting reforestation in the tropics, associated with the implementation of a global forestation program is about 67-80 GTC(Browns et al., 1996).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Due to an unexpected population growth associated with economic development, intensifying deforestation and degradation of existing natural forest cover, arising demand for forest products as well as non-timber forest products including medicines and fuelwood and accelerated carbon dioxide emissions from anthropogenic sources have declined the global warming mitigating the potential of the forests. So the deforestation is needed to be lower and the reforestation has to be promoted.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">According to the IPCC (2006), there are five carbon pools of a terrestrial ecosystem involving biomass including above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, and the dead mass of litter, woody debris, and soil organic matter. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"> The above-ground biomass of a tree constitutes the major portion of the carbon pool. It is the most important and visible carbon pool of the terrestrial forest ecosystem. Any land use change like forest degradation and deforestation has a direct impact on this component of the carbon pool. The below-ground biomass which is comprised of all the live roots plays an important role in the carbon cycle by transferring and storing carbon in the soil. Both the above and belowground components of terrestrial ecosystems have sequestered 20–25 % of the carbon globally from fossil fuel combustion and cement production between 2000 and 2008 (IGBP/GCP 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Soil organic matter is also a chief contributor to the carbon stocks of forests, next only to the above-ground biomass and soils are a major source of carbon emissions following deforestation. The dead mass of litter and woody debris are not a major carbon pool as they contribute merely a small fraction to the carbon stocks of forests</span></div>

Carbon sequestration in forests as a the long-term solution for climate change mitigation

The increase in the level of the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases has contributed to global warming which is the increase...

Carbon Trading

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Title: Carbon Trading
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Carbon trading is an approach used to control carbon dioxide pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving emissions redu...

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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 150%;">Carbon trading is an
approach used to control carbon dioxide pollution by providing economic
incentives for achieving emissions reductions. The use of market mechanisms, in
the form of carbon trading, has emerged as a key narrative in the international
response to climate change formalized in the United Nations Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Carbon trading was first
proposed to the Second Conference of the Parties (COP) of the UNFCCC in 1996  and was later enshrined in the CDM of the Kyoto protocol of 1997.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">There are two main forms
that carbon trading takes: ‘cap and trade’ and offsetting. Under cap and trade
schemes, governments or intergovernmental bodies set an overall legal limit on
emissions in a certain time period (‘a cap’) and then grant industries a
certain number of licenses to pollute (‘carbon permits’ or ‘emissions
allowances’). Companies that do not meet their cap can buy permits from others.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon offsets are based
on ‘emissions-saving projects’ that are created to ‘compensate’ for continued
pollution in industrialized countries in the North. Offsets’ under the Kyoto A protocol is referred to as emissions reductions not covered by the cap in an
ETS. Pollution continues at one location and equivalent emissions saving or
increasing the capacity such as sink (such as forests or soils) will happen
elsewhere beyond ‘business as usual’. Offsets are also now widely traded
outside the Kyoto-compliance market, including by individuals and firms voluntarily
aiming to offset their GHG emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Under Kyoto offset
projects fall under either the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) or Joint
Implementation (JI) and create credits called certified emission reduction
(CER) and emission reduction unit (ERU) respectively. Currently CDM projects
are the major source of Kyoto offsets and occur in industrially developing
countries falling outside any Kyoto emissions limits. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JI refers to projects
based in industrialized countries, typically Eastern Europe. Kyoto offsets
support industrialized countries with greater flexibility in meeting their
caps whilst achieving sustainable development and are also referred to as
‘flexibility mechanisms’. These offsets do not require a polluting source to
reduce its emissions, but instead, allow them to increase emissions and offset
them elsewhere. They could just as sensibly be called certified ‘emission
increase’ units. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Growing trees are
important components for carbon trading which happens under the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) established under the Kyoto Protocol United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Carbon trading allows
developed countries to offset some of their carbon emissions by investing in
climate-friendly projects, such as tree planting under forestry CDM projects,
in developing countries.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">While net global
emissions reductions should occur for source offset, where sink offsets are
involved the total scale of systemic GHG cycling will be expanded (e.g. via
more sources justified by more sinks). Such a process seriously risks further
enhancing the Greenhouse Effect. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Offsets also have several
problems as following. The amount of carbon emitted by the source is not always
equivalent to the amount of carbon offset by the sinks. The amount of carbon sequestration
in trees and soils varies greatly depending on the local environmental
conditions, skills of foresters, management practices and enforcement of regulations.
Forestry can also be subjected to disturbance and soil erosion resulting
release of the stored carbon. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Carbon Trading

Carbon trading is an approach used to control carbon dioxide pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving emissions redu...

Environmental Problems And Sustainable Use Of Natural Resources

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Title: Environmental Problems And Sustainable Use Of Natural Resources
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

In environmental problems and sustainable use of natural resources, significant imbalances exist in practically all major environmental...

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In environmental problems and sustainable use of natural
resources, significant imbalances exist in practically all major environmental
areas. Our services in environmental consulting consist of being able to
identify these environmental problems and improve the sustainable uses of the
resources.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjyI2PfbHF9XuMUmMv1Ae5mWjQJiJvhvgkM1QnTggSZFifWEGG15ytlttFP6mr0ekA668qIx9-FVvabLjQMUT5BChaeUHC1gEl9h_SFWt5nj8Kx6Yq5tbsLKA9tWhyW2wCB9Bqd8NRO8uo/s1600/nature_destroy_1.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="605" data-original-width="1163" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjyI2PfbHF9XuMUmMv1Ae5mWjQJiJvhvgkM1QnTggSZFifWEGG15ytlttFP6mr0ekA668qIx9-FVvabLjQMUT5BChaeUHC1gEl9h_SFWt5nj8Kx6Yq5tbsLKA9tWhyW2wCB9Bqd8NRO8uo/s400/nature_destroy_1.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
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Water represents one of the priority aspects of
environmental matters. There are very severe problems in terms of water
scarcity for human consumption, water quality and pollution of water resources.<o:p></o:p></div>
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There are countries that face a worrisome and natural
disaster situation, such as Chile, where desertification affects more than 60%
of the territory and produces palpable drops in agricultural production. If
that trend continues and there is no Naturalizer to help the situation, Chile
is heading to be a desert. <o:p></o:p></div>
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A Kind Of Little Awareness <o:p></o:p></div>
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We’re truly astonished by the little awareness of these
natural disasters. Instead of being in the first or second place of political
and civic attention, the issue of the natural disaster is marginalized. This shows
that we still suffer from many political limitations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In several countries, the confluence between the natural
disasters or alteration of the water cycle and watersheds, the loss of forests
or another native flora and the advance of climate change generates enormous
ecological disasters. <o:p></o:p></div>
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There are areas that go through recurrent droughts and
others suffer from unforeseen floods. These and other effects hit mainly
peasants and indigenous people. There must be a kind of Naturalizer to assist
such ugly circumstances, even in this modern 21 century<o:p></o:p></div>
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In some affected spot there are just fewer resources in
capital or Naturalizer to deal with those natural disasters exploitation
impacts and, therefore, when they are hit, they contribute even more to leaving
them in a situation of poverty or vulnerability. It is because of these
perverse links between different types of environmental deterioration that I
believe that peasants and family farmers are in much more risky conditions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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To make matters worse, to further complicate the situation,
governments have appealed to reduce environmental controls. The measures are
added to cut the mechanisms of information and environmental participation,
they want to lighten the environmental impact assessments or even to exonerate
different works of that requirement and the locals' organizations are
persecuted. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The myth is fostered that environmental controls impede
development and flexibilities of all kinds are imposed. Then, the state of the
environment deteriorates and, at the same time, our citizen tools to face
everything that is increasingly limited, and the State, far from strengthening
itself in protecting the common good, shrinks even more.<o:p></o:p></div>
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What Are The Consequences Of This Natural Resources
Situation For Families, Organizations?<o:p></o:p></div>
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The situation of small farmers, especially those who
practice Agroecology, is still very delicate. In all countries, whether under
conservative or progressive presidencies, the recent economic booms were not
used. There were many times when these states had a lot of money from the
natural resources and did not use it to promote a more democratic, less
polluting, more sovereign agricultural conversion. <o:p></o:p></div>
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On the other hand, a large part of the state funds from
natural resources were going to promote more mining and oil extractivism, and
the proportionally less that was devoted to agriculture ended up promoting
monocultures and Agro exports.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Hardly supported the organic production, many
agro-ecological experiences have managed to survive in spite of everything, and
even some have proliferated. But almost always it has been by the push of the
own agriculturists, by alliances with groups of responsible consumers, or
because they found some niche of the exporting market. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The State did not actually support the recovery of
traditional knowledge or the generation of new scientific information or even technological
applications for Agroecology. On the contrary, most of the work in science and
technology that is devoted to further promoting transgenic varieties, as
happened in the Southern Cone countries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Increasing Levels Of Water Consumption<o:p></o:p></div>
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The problem includes very high and increasing levels of
water consumption per capita; high levels of inefficiency in its use; very low
percentage of wastewater treatment; a very small percentage of reuse and severely
contaminated water bodies.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Soil and waste is another priority area from the point of
view of environmental policy. Particularly severe are the following problems:<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lack of identification of sources of generation
and the flow of hazardous waste.</span><br />
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</span></span></span>Great insufficiency of infrastructure for the
management and final disposal of waste that could lead to disasters.</span></h3>
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Biodiversity is yet another major problem that has to do
with the loss of vegetation cover (forests, primarily) at very fast rates, as
well as with the deterioration of many of the ecosystems and their flora
species because of the exploitation of our natural resources out there.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Air Problems in air quality are faced in a high number of
urban and industrial areas. Sometimes there are impacts on health. Management
capacity in this area, however, has been improving in recent years, mainly with
respect to the emissions reduction of large generators, verification, and
monitoring in terms of fixed sources.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency<o:p></o:p></div>
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The growing demand for energy and the limitations of the
current installed capacity to supply it, as well as the need to diversify
sources of energy supply, make renewable energies and energy efficiency two
very important items for the coming years, On the other hand, they offer a high
potential for development.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Risk, Noise, And Vibrations From The Exploitation Of Natural
Resources<o:p></o:p></div>
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The environmental natural disasters and the need to prevent
impacts on health and ecosystems are becoming more important. It is associated,
however, primarily with high-risk economic activities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Change and sustainable use of natural resources<o:p></o:p></div>
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There must be a change in production, many of the items that
are made of metals today can also be made from plastics, e.g., car bodies. If
less oil is consumed in the course of the energy transition, there is still a
loophole for a while, because this saved oil can be used to produce plastics.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Finally, some of the natural resources such as the world's
oil reserves are coming to an end. Saudi Arabia that has become infinitely
rich with their oil, have long since realized that the natural resources wealth
of their dominion is over and are now investing in forward-looking industries!
Every other nation must begin to look the other way like Saudi Arabia and also
improve the sustainability of these natural resources.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Environmental Problems And Sustainable Use Of Natural Resources

In environmental problems and sustainable use of natural resources, significant imbalances exist in practically all major environmental...

Effects of Mini Hydropower Plant and Their Solutions

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Title: Effects of Mini Hydropower Plant and Their Solutions
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Introduction: Non renewable energy sources including fossil fuel, nuclear energy and coal have been used to generate electricity aroun...

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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Introduction:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Non renewable energy sources including fossil fuel,
nuclear energy and coal have been used to generate electricity around the
world. Depletion of non-renewable energy sources, environmental pollution
associated with fossil fuel burning and disposal of nuclear waste, energy
crisis and increasing demand are recognized as arising problems associated with
the energy generation from non-renewable energy sources. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recently mini hydropower plants are being promoted
as renewable energy. Hydropower projects below 10 MW capacity are defined as
mini hydropower projects. The hydropower generated within the mini hydropower
plants can be used in two different way. Generated hydropower plant can be sold
to national grid. The generated hydropower can be distributed to use within the
local area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although hydropower is often marketed as green
energy, there are still social and environmental impacts which usually varies
with the size of the power plant. Impacts associated with mini hydropower
plants are mostly restricted to local environment and public attention dose not
drawn towards these impacts. Further, such impacts could vary with the locations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Impacts associated with mini hydropower plants<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mini hydropower plants effects the environment at
different stages.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impact on air at project zone</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
- Heavy vehicles used for excavation and material transporting such as tractors
and loaders emits polluted air due to fuel combustion during the construction
phase of MHP (Cara et al. 2010). Dust is also emitted through the unloading
sand, cement and explosive material. Further, emissions from chemicals such as
paints, fuel and lubricants available at the site affect negatively to the
sensitive biodiversity around the project (Gvakharia 2010).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>Impact due
to noise</b> - Project noise can affect during both construction and operation
phases. Concrete vibrators, diesel motors, trash rack cleaner, the trash
conveyor, heavy vehicles and explosions generators disturbing noise at the
construction phase while turbines, the gearbox, the turbine, the transformer,
the hydroelectric unit and the speed increaser can generate continuous noise in
the operation phase of hydropower plants (Cara et al 2010). Noise generated
from construction effects temporary on forest fauna. It may scare birds,
reptiles and other animals. Fauna near to the power plant are effected by the
noise generated from turbines throughout the operation stage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impact to the riverine environment –Water storage or
diverting flow in the upstream of a stream effects proceeding the downstream. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Trees damaging earth structure as well as vegetation
in upper catchment area have to be removed to provide easy access construction
of infrastructure for mini hydropower plant. Those deforestation activities
negatively affect the sensitive aquatic structure of the area, destroy the food
and habitats of animals, disturb the food chain and cause soil erosion, remove top
soil, finally leads to slope instability in the impact area. Water sources dry
up due to deforesting and affect the domestic water supplies of the area. Felling
economic crops and trees with timber value affects the economy of the society
of the particular area (Thoradeniya et al. 2007). The topography of the area is
changed by the constructing concrete structure and felling trees. Those topographic
changes can decrease the esthetic beauty and land value of the area. Such
deteriorations in catchment increase the soil erosion potential of channel beds
and banks and ultimately leads to landslide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Explosive materials have to be used for explosion of
rocky substrates during constructions phase of the mini hydropower plants. Those
explosions effect health and safety of employees and neighbors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It the hydropower generation is involved with the
upstream areas of main rivers, it affects the water body all over the country. Water
diversions for power generation causes either complete eliminating or
significant reduction of downstream flow during dry season. It increases the
risk of salt intrusion towards the fresh water rivers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This flow
variation with time negatively effects the structure of aquatic ecosystem
structure and fishing migration in between intake and outlet of the power plant.
Allocation of water from stream for hydropower plant generation leads to water
shortages for other water users including irrigation, agriculture and other traditional
usage of the stream.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemicals used in construction and operation stages cause
sudden leakage or spills and mix with stream. It reduces water quality and affects
the whole biodiversity of the area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Construction
activities of mini hydropower plants leads to heavy sedimentation at the
reservoir base. It reduces the capacity of the catchment bed. Thereby it
increases the potential of flood during heavy rains. Deposition of sediment on
the breeding ground effects the reproduction of the aquatic animals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Birds and other human activities are obstructed by transmission
lines through sensitive ecosystem. It causes bird strikes and electrocutions.
Further, health and safety issues like cancer and headache for human are also
caused by high voltage transmission lines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Storage of water in a same place for long time
provide ideal breeding habitats for mosquitoes. Thereby it indirectly increases
the transmission of vector borne disease to surrounding areas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water shortage of stream results in declined
landscape values and tourism activities and cause disturbance to other leisure
activities related to the stream. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The construction of dam across stream disturb the migrations
of fish species for different needs including reproduction and searching of food.
These movements are always essential to ensure the fish survival. One of best example
is the migration of eel that, after growing in the river, moves into sea across
the downstream in order to reproduce. It also separates the populations of
aquatic organisms. Continuous rotation of turbine kill or injures the fishes
which pass through it. Thereby mini hydropower reduce the population density of
aquatic animals and decline the biodiversity of the aquatic body.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: .4pt; line-height: 107%;">Mini hydropower
plants are not totally emission free. Small run-of-the-river plants will
typically emit between 0.01 and 0.03 pounds of CO2 per kWh. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Migratory measures:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the
best methods to evaluate the socioeconomic and environmental impacts linked
with mini hydropower throughout the to the project life cycle before the
construction of them and suggests the most suitable mitigation measures. Cost
benefit analysis can be carried out to select the best place for construction
of mini hydropower including the environmental impacts as cost.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Careful design and rational operation can mitigate
these effects effectively and enhance the integration of the plant within the
natural environment in which it is built as following.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A minimum flow must be released for hydro power
generation in order to maintain adequate environmental flow to preserve the
hydrological continuity of the river and the conserve the natural habitat and
ecological life.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The impacts of noise can be unacceptable when the
mini hydropower plant is located near to houses or in a sensitive natural area.
Small tolerances in gear manufacturing, application of sound insulating
blankets over the turbine casing, use of water cooling instead of air cooling
of the generator and acoustic insulation of the building can be taken to
minimize the noise around the mini hydropower plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hydraulic
wheels with a fixed barrage inside of them can be installed rather than
conventional turbine. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rotation
velocity of the vanes is 10 times slower than the conventional ones. So Fish
can go through the turbines without any damage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The construction of fish ladder, dissipate the
energy providing a low-velocity flow through which the fish can easily ascend.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The mini hydro power plants can be constructed with
minimum damage to the catchment vegetation. Trees can be grown around the
catchment of existing plants to enhance the esthetic value of the environment,
preserve the biodiversity and trap the water during heavy rainfall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Timber and stone wall or brush mattress can be
applied to protect the stream bank from the erosion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The power house can be constructed by using natural
features including use of local stones, ground, and vegetation for the building
and, non-contrasting colors and textures for painting to reduce contrast with
the background to minimize visual impact.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Small-scale weirs can be built to trap the sands and
the particles and later it can be manually removed. The accumulation of
sediment can be reduced through the mechanically removing the sediments by
periodic dredging (Bergkamp et al., 2000). Sediments can be removed through
periodic flushing of the reservoir by releasing large volumes of water through
outlets in the dam. In the case of run of rivers, flow diversion is helped to
reduce the sedimentation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The renewable energy label can be given for both of
new and existing hydropower plants. Highest standard can be only achieved by following
the strict environmental conditions including improving environmental flows,
sediment flushing, fish ladders and protective measures for wetland. In
addition to those protective measures, operators have to allocate a part of
their income for environmental improvement measures, including habitat restoration
and rehabilitation. Consumers can choose to purchase ‘green’ electricity at a higher
price.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Effects of Mini Hydropower Plant and Their Solutions

Introduction: Non renewable energy sources including fossil fuel, nuclear energy and coal have been used to generate electricity aroun...

Chemical leasing

natural green

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Title: Chemical leasing
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Chemicals using industries : cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, f...

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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemicals using
industries</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water
treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, fertilizers and
pesticides in agriculture, makeup accessories, lubricants and detergents in
beverage industry, cleaning of vessels in the food industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemical leasing</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
is Chemical leasing is a service-oriented business model that shifts the focus
from increasing sales volume of chemicals, toward a value-added approach. (UNIDO)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Importance of chemical
leasing over traditional approach <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Over
consumption of chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lack
of proper disposal method or recycling of excess chemicals <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Use
of inefficient machines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impacts of improper
disposal of hazardous chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Global
warming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bioaccumulation
and bio- magnification along aquatic food chains<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ozone
depletion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Acid
rains<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The difference between
traditional chemical business model and chemical leasing model<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Traditional chemical
business model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Chemicals are mainly sold to the
customers by chemical producers. The payment is based on the volume or tons of
chemicals sold. Increasing the sells chemicals or increasing the price of
chemicals are the options amiable for the chemical producers to gain a large
profit but <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the chemicals producers tend
to sell more volume or tons of chemicals in order to enhance their profit due
to the competition between chemical producers. The chemicals producers does not
bear the responsibility of management of the produced chemicals throughout the
entire life cycle of chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemical leasing model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:
The functions performed by the chemical is mainly sold to users and suppliers
by the chemical producer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The payment is
based on the functional units. The profit is increased with increasing of
functional unit per volume or kg of chemicals. Chemical producers has to take
the responsibility of management of produced chemicals throughout their entire
life cycle including management of the waste.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The chemical leasing
model creates a win-win situation because it gives the benefits for both
producers and users. The chemical leasing has designed to achieve efficient use
of chemicals and reduce health risks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It improves the
economic and environmental performance of participating companies, and enhances
their access to new markets. Proper benefit sharing, high-quality standards and
mutual trust between participating companies are considered as the key elements
of successful chemical leasing model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Advantages of chemical
leasing:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Enhance
the efficiency of workers and production process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
the cost related to transportation and storage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Significant
cost reduction through the reduction of chemical usage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
hazardous waste generation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Enhance
the work place safety<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Boarder
the assess to new markets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
the environmental impacts related to production process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Raise
the awareness of employees regarding handling chemicals and health hazardous <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Able
to comply with environmental regulations related to waste management <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Case study in Siberia <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos, largest <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">mineral water and
beverages producer of Siberia has implemented a successful chemical leasing
project for its conveyor belts with the cooperation of its chemical supplier
Ecolab in 2009. Lubricants are generally applied to maintain the smooth
movement of bottles along the conveyor belts. In earlier, water based
lubricants were applied to the conveyor belts.</span></span> Alkyl amines and
acetic acid compounds which are corrosive and toxic were mainly used as
lubricants. <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Despite the
environmental issues regarding high water consumption and high occupational risks,
those chemical based lubricants had hazardous properties. Spraying those
lubricants to conveyor line made the floor slippery and led to work place
accidents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos was able to
find an innovative approach to enhance efficiency the production process and ensure
the work place safety under the guidance of Cleaner Production Centre in Serbia.
The hazardous water based lubricant was substituted by the non- hazardous dried
lubricant. The use of dry lubricants lefts the floor dry. Thereby it eliminate
the occupational safety risks of employees. Nozzles and automated dosage system
were installed to conveyor line. The factory pays the working time of the
conveyor belt for the Ecolab rather than <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">paying kg of lubricants. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ecolab
has encouraged to optimize the effectiveness of their lubricants because their
profit gained from </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos is increased with the
reducing the volume of lubricant for the <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">conveyor belts. The shifting into dry
lubricants eliminate the water and chemicals for pretreatment and waste water
treatment process, reduce the chemical consumption by 50% and save water. It is
also able to reduce the health risk associated with aerosols in working place.
The coast saving per convoy line has recorded as EUR 5,700 per year. Although
Ecolab sells less volume of lubricants, it gains high profit through their
service. Both </span></span>Knjaz Milos and Ecolab <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">were awarded with a Gold for their chemical
leasing project at the Global Chemical Leasing Award in June 2012.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Chemical leasing

Chemicals using industries : cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, f...

Water footprint

natural green

Link Author

Title: Water footprint
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

• Water footprint is the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we consume. Importance of e...

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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water footprint is the</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">amount of water used to produce each of the goods and
services we consume.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAzVeSZUYu9IXc365HgYMRk42eb7aIMpkf5xJcaEFOQwcM3VsX6CiLrUasEV80iNYjksKKeYy995_Xd65PWdRTXd5GtoWPPWookKQG43XLrE2Be29-tfFdiQ9xKM9zTy9f_zt69z04pr3E/s1600/water+footprint.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="939" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAzVeSZUYu9IXc365HgYMRk42eb7aIMpkf5xJcaEFOQwcM3VsX6CiLrUasEV80iNYjksKKeYy995_Xd65PWdRTXd5GtoWPPWookKQG43XLrE2Be29-tfFdiQ9xKM9zTy9f_zt69z04pr3E/s640/water+footprint.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Importance of
estimation of water footprint</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water has become scarce resource in
many region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
extraction rate of ground water has exceeded the rate of natural replenishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
has no equal distribution throughout the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Significant
fraction of available water is not suitable for human consumption due to the
pollution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Most
of the area of the world do not receive sufficient rain or seasonal rain
pattern has been changed as results of global climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identify
the water intensive products, services, behaviors and input into production. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Help
to reduce the water consumption or pollution through a production chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manufacturing
goods at one place have impacts on water basin anywhere else.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The difference between traditional water withdrawal indicator
and water footprint<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
water withdrawal indicator considers the non-consumptive water use too. Non
consumptive water use refers the return water flow. The blue water footprint of
direct water footprint of a product is considered as the return flow. The water
footprint only take consumptive water use into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
withdrawal indicator only measures the blue water footprint component but water
footprint involves the measurement of all three components (Blue water
footprint, green water footprint and gray water footprint).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
withdrawal indicator refers to only the direct water use but the water
footprint considers both direct and indirect water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b>water
footprint of a product</b> is the volume of freshwater used to produce the
product, measured over the various steps of the production chain. The water use
is taken as the measure of the water volumes of consumed of polluted. Water
evaporated or incorporated to products is considered as the water consumption.
Thereby that water may be no longer able to be used in its original form or
reuse readily. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
water footprint of a product is estimated as the volume of fresh water used per
unit of product.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The water
footprint is often divided into three components. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Green water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the volume of water consumed from the global
green water resources (rainwater stored in the form of soil moisture).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Blue water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the total volume of freshwater consumed from
the global blue water resources (surface water and ground water).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gray water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the volume of freshwater that is needed to dilute
the pollutants load to meet the existing national water quality standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Virtual-water chain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">    The ‘virtual-water
content’ of a product (good or service) is considered as the volume of fresh
water used to produce the product, over all steps of the production chain.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Bsh3Tq2Jwbwu8W-dbR0d6r83NHpBOO0QWiFdCZrK5tDqam1LdSaPM3T0PeNdURAAM7PKKoB70fq21WIkVMbbjJUEHsgjfSeJrIW2RIO_7ZU2imQj9PFnAAemgDjnc4HXk62xuFBB1nE/s1600/water+flow.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="776" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX7Bsh3Tq2Jwbwu8W-dbR0d6r83NHpBOO0QWiFdCZrK5tDqam1LdSaPM3T0PeNdURAAM7PKKoB70fq21WIkVMbbjJUEHsgjfSeJrIW2RIO_7ZU2imQj9PFnAAemgDjnc4HXk62xuFBB1nE/s640/water+flow.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The water used to produce a product
is considered as the virtual water except the water contained in the product.
The virtual-water content of a product is significant compare to the real water
content of most products. The water use at a particular step is considered as
the direct water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a business <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is the measure of total volume of fresh water
directly or indirectly incorporated use to run or support a business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Use of water in the business <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is incorporated as an ingredient into products or
used as a solvent. After production process, raw water is subjected to
pollution and released as effluents which threat the wellbeing of the aquatic
ecosystems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Problems associated with mismanagement of waste
water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Disrupt the company reputation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Pay for the pollution caused by particular industry
(Polluter pay principle) to the nearby water systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Subject to strict regulatory control if the company
does not take appropriate action to manage the incidents regarding sudden
failure of the waste water management <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Insufficient availability of freshwater for conducting
the operations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; tab-stops: 78.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Water
footprint of a business is comprised of two components including direct water
use and indirect water use. Direct water use refers to the operational water
print. Indirect water use refers to the supply chain water footprint. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">The <b>operational water footprint</b> is the water
consumption and pollution related to the operations within the business. The
operational water footprints is again divided into two components as
operational water footprint directly associated with production of products and
overhead operational water footprint. A considerable fraction of water returns
to blue water resources after waste water treatment process therefore only consumptive
water use of the blue water footprint is considered in the estimation of water
footprint of production of products. The overhead</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">
operational water footprint is </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">the water consumption and pollution related to general water using
activities including water use in bathroom and kitchen, watering the garden and
washing the worker’s clothes within the business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> The <b>supply
chain water footprint</b> is </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">the volume of freshwater consumed or polluted to
produce all the inputs of production of the business. Thereby water footprint
of one business can be overlapped with water footprint of another business
through the supply chain. The supply chain water footprint is also again
divided into water footprint related to products inputs and overhead supply
chain water footprint. Overhead supply-chain water footprint</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">is the volume of water consumed or polluted due
to the materials and energy for general use including cars, trucks, fuels,
electricity.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Supply chain water footprint is larger than
operational water footprint of many business which does not have own
agricultural activities to produce their input since production of feed for animals
requires much water than operating the processing industry including cleaning,
washing equipment and pollution . The supply chain water footprint is dominated
by green water while the operational water footprint is dominated by blue and
gray water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a person<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">The water footprint
of a person is the total volume of freshwater consume or polluted to produce
all the good and services. According to the recent researches, nearly 4 % of
the water footprint of humanity relates to water use at home (Hoekstra and
Mekonnen </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a consumer is divided into two
components including direct use and indirect use. Direct use refers to the
water use at home. It includes the drinking, bathing, cooking and washing at
home. Number water units consumed per month is used to calculate the direct
water use. The water footprint regarding consumed goods and services is
considered as the indirect water use. Multiplication of number unit consumed
from each good and services by their respective water footprint is summed to
estimate the indirect water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduction of water footprint:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Industry</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:
water meters should be installed to monitor the water use. Water audits should
be conducted to identify the leaks and fix them as soon as possible. Raw
materials with low water footprint should be used for manufacturing goods and
services rather than raw materials with intensive water footprint. As an
example, sugar cane cultivation requires more water than beet cultivation.
Water results from the evaporation from beet can be used for the operations
within the sugar manufacturing industries. Thereby it eliminates total water
requirements from blue water resources including ground water and surface
water. Therefore use of beet as raw materials can reduce the total water
footprint along the both operational and supply chain of sugar manufacturing
industry. Rain water harvesting system can be installed to store the rain
water. These rainwater can be incorporated into boilers, condensers, cleaning
the factory floors and flushing the toilets to reduce the use of portable water
within the factories. Waste water treatment plant should be constructed or
existing waste water treatment plant should be further improved to enhance the
quality of the treated water. These treated water can be used for cleaning
purposes and boilers of the factories. The pressure of the water distribution
system can be reduced to decrease the volume of water delivered for particular
purpose. Regular taps should be replaced by sensor taps to prevent leakages.
Dual flush system should be installed for the toilets system rather water
intensive single flush system. Dual flush system has separate flushing for
feces with high water requirement and urine with less water requirement. The
volume of the tank of toilet tank can be reduced by using a displacement device
such as bottle filled with water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">

</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Personal: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Good
and services with large water footprint should be purchased rather than goods
and services with small water footprint. Products associated with beef meet
requires more water than products associated with chicken meet because the
cultivation of feed for cattle often consumes more water. Water saving
techniques including sensor taps, faucet aerators, dual flushing systems and
rain water harvesting systems can be implemented. The top loading washers can
be replaced with less water consuming </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">front-loading clothes washers</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.
Leaks should be identified and fixed. Spills should be avoided as much as
possible. Although people can reduce the negative impacts related to direct
water use, it is difficult to reduce the negative consequences of indirect
water footprint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />

Water footprint

• Water footprint is the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we consume. Importance of e...

Poaching and trafficking of wild animals

natural green

Link Author

Title: Poaching and trafficking of wild animals
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

What is poaching and trafficking of wild animals? Poaching is the illegal hunting of protected wildlife and violating laws in the ar...

<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What is
poaching and trafficking of wild animals?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching is the
illegal hunting of protected wildlife and violating laws in the area. It
concerns both live and dead, specimens and products of wild animals. It has
been started in the 1700's in Europe.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">INTERPOL has been estimated that it is the third largest
illegal trade after drugs and guns. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the United Nations Environmental
programme Year Book 2014, the annual dollar value of illegal wildlife trade is
somewhere between $50-$150 billion dollars per year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Modern
wildlife management permits only hunting and fishing of certain species under
carefully controlled regulations which can include seasons, time of day,
sporting equipment restrictions and other items. Much of this illegal trade is
reported from developing countries, which contain most of the world's
biodiversity to developed ones which provide the demand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">According to
the recent media reports, photogenic animals including elephants, rhinos, and tigers
are the main targeted animals. Many of these animals are critically endangered or
have already gone extinct in the wild. As an example, both the Western Black
Rhino (Save the Rhino International 2015) and the Northern White Rhino are
believed to be extinct in the wild (WWF 2015) as a direct consequence of rhino
poaching for their horns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The poaching
and illegal trafficking of animals and or their by-products is not limited to photogenic
species.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pangolins are
not particularly attractive (Gill 2012) and do not receive much media
attention, but are among the most poached mammals in the world for their meat
and scales (Sutter 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMkkeD7hhAZs1BacEeWvaWjWWZkM_k7C464QcpNlIrqGGpSPFTHtMsIKMQfuJz-dXmkIhNUI7AZPlXI9A5YnxSYMToxgPNSLKDh9nMzesQjUF46HsDeJKUmKw_CAZwZHdGmOdFYvDnKUHX/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMkkeD7hhAZs1BacEeWvaWjWWZkM_k7C464QcpNlIrqGGpSPFTHtMsIKMQfuJz-dXmkIhNUI7AZPlXI9A5YnxSYMToxgPNSLKDh9nMzesQjUF46HsDeJKUmKw_CAZwZHdGmOdFYvDnKUHX/s320/1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                    -Pangolin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Why are
animals poaching?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">World-wise
database has recognized that the illegal trade of wildlife has mainly focused
on seven sectors as seafood, pets and zoos, food and medicine, art and jewelry,
cosmetics and perfume, fashion and furniture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Flesh and eggs of turtles are illegally
consumed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Most live
animals are caught to sell as a pet or showpieces zoos. Western countries
prefer wild animals than cats and dogs to keep as pet. Urban communities tend
to display these wildlife in their market place including restaurants to
attract more customers. Parrots Including macaws, cockatoos and parakeets and
orangutans, gibbons and clouded leopards are mostly caught and exchange in
global pet trade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rhino horns, parts of Tigers including its
bones, skin, teeth and claws, wild bear bile, Pangolin scales and freshwater
turtles and tortoises have highest demand at the global medicine trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Even though their medicinal values is less,
some healers still prefer medicine extracted from animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Bushmeat are highly demanded as a status meal
in some country. Flesh of</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tragulus kanchil (Mouse deer) and Ratufa macororura (gaint squaral) are
example of few animals being killed for bush meat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animal body parts are used for ornamental
purpose. Big cat skins are kept as a status symbol in luxury home decorations.
Ivory and horns of elks and deer had used to show their pride in rich house in
Sri Lanka. . Ivory, turtle shells and tiger teethes are craved to jewelry,
utensils, religious figurines and trinkets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kathuri deer is poached to extract kasthuri
for perfume production in India. Animals’ far and skins including river otter
skins, brown fur seal skins, Pangolin skin, skins of all Asian big cats
including tigers, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopards, and Asiatic lions,
zebra skin, reptiles skin and bear fur are harvested annually for manufacturing
high end products such as shoes, handbags, costumes and other leather products.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animal body parts are extracted to produce
furniture. Ivory and horns of elks are widely used for production of tables. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo8n7JBXOJH1wXl5oDHbZ52mE3h1zqp_8bln01E4MZulIWI5F1gIgru7ApBmtYYQvamSsxeqMQLMcknZ4pLYNfHCh4vtCDS7Wl0wWUi8lS4lgNbaVrgJrGCoAQyOGfMapvNlY1FfAyZ5bz/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="694" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo8n7JBXOJH1wXl5oDHbZ52mE3h1zqp_8bln01E4MZulIWI5F1gIgru7ApBmtYYQvamSsxeqMQLMcknZ4pLYNfHCh4vtCDS7Wl0wWUi8lS4lgNbaVrgJrGCoAQyOGfMapvNlY1FfAyZ5bz/s320/2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                   Piano keys
are made of ivory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Methods
used for poaching and trafficking of wild animals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching and
trafficking is the well organized crime in the global trade. Sophisticated as
well as conventional techniques are used for illegal killing or catching wild
animals. Poachers spray poison to water to kill large number of wild animal at
one time. Wire snares are tied to trees in order to choke the animal when they
run or walk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
hakka patas which is a mixture of explosive matters is mainly used to kill
elephants targeting their tusks.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAzexUvyXNQCKlwJ8FdU8yaS3okI-W1IzdOE4nlcPKheUNCw-jgKjJV_MRaoKXd2h3AkghpEO3NPzGF7BdgaZGKNazZGYQbqQhKMbNhLexLdNXiWfS7H2fHSLQSQB9dZ94S7W9Skd5xpuB/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="659" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAzexUvyXNQCKlwJ8FdU8yaS3okI-W1IzdOE4nlcPKheUNCw-jgKjJV_MRaoKXd2h3AkghpEO3NPzGF7BdgaZGKNazZGYQbqQhKMbNhLexLdNXiWfS7H2fHSLQSQB9dZ94S7W9Skd5xpuB/s320/3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                    Tiger was
trapped in a wire snare. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With the
assistance of dogs, wild animals are chased toward the trap net which are laid
over the ground or pitfall. Electrocution is the placement of 230 volts -11KV
overhead electrical wires on animal route to kill animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Poachers tend to set sudden fire during the
summer. They try to kill or caught the wild animals which run away to escape
form the fire. GPS and low lying helicopters are used to detect the location of
targeted wild animals. Then poachers study the animals’ daily routines and plan
according to the observations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Driving
factors <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poverty</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Poverty is often recognized as the
main driver of the Illegal wildlife trade (Duffy and St John, 2013; Duffy et
al, 2016). It has been revealed that higher levels of elephant poaching is
being recorded in the areas with serve poverty and the poaching decreases as a
results of increasing of food security(CITES Secretariat et al, 2013).
Individuals from poor communities would not involve in the poaching of
economically valuable species unless wealthier communities forces rapid demand
(Duffy and St John’s, 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Role of
demand and price</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:
The rising income in consumer countries has created a strong demand for
wildlife products (Duffy and St John, 2013). Altogether increasing economic and
development of infrastructure links between Africa and Asia have been increased
the elephant poaching and the illegal international ivory trade from 2006
onwards (Bennett, 2014). Rising prices and increased levels of purchasing high
value species has been noted that demand for illegal trade may also be growing
(Challender and MacMillan, 2014). Ivory is of high value per unit mass, the
hunter potentially receives a highly disproportionate price, equivalent to
annual earnings, from the sale of ivory from even a single animal, and prices
increase all along the trade chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lack of
alternative livelihoods, subsistence and income generation</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Economic activity or employment
opportunities cannot find easily in the most of rural areas in which wildlife
is abundant. Illicit wildlife trade including selling of bush meat provides
great opportunity for local people with few alternative livelihood options to
gain quick cash income (Lindsey et al, 2015).</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In rural Zambia, some hunters are able to earn nearly
US$100 from a single expedition and hunters are among the wealthiest community
members (Brown, 2007 in Lindsey et al, 2015)</span>.<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That bush meat was recognized as a cash generating
income after agriculture, suggesting that bush meat constituted an important
element in the local economy (Loibooki et al., 2002). the rate of hunting and
household bush meat consumption decline sharply during the peak time of
agricultural activity (Lindsey et al, 2015).</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some people depend on wild meat for their annual
protein supply because they cannot afford alternative sources.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In rural areas which are close to
wildlife source populations, bush meat is preferred because it is normally
cheaper than alternatives.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In urban areas, demand for bush meat is driven by preference for its
taste and it is recognized as a way of preserving traditions. (Lindsey et al,
2015; UNOCD, 2016). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level of
poaching</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level of
poaching has identified three main types of criminals involved in wildlife
trafficking</span> ( <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Zimmerman
2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">At the, subsistence
Level, a person usually hunts animals for feeding himself and his family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>This individual is often posed by poverty but
he can quickly improve to become a commercial poacher. They will often live in
the surrounding areas or within the wilderness and well know the terrain,
habitat, infrastructure, routines and resident species remarkably. Subsistence
poaching is often characterized by low technology including use of traps and
snares with a minimal impact on wildlife populations (Mackenzie, 1988; Adams,
2004; Fischer et al. 2013: 264; Adams et al. 2009).But the use of non-selective
hunting technologies can be detrimental to species of both conservation concern
and critical to nature-based tourism including elephant, lion and wild dog
(Becker et al. 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Commercial
Poaching involve illegal hunting of animals for bush meat, traditional medicine
& narcotic sales. Recently developed subsistence level poacher and
traditional physicians fall into this category. Unlike subsistence poachers,
professional poachers have well-structured operations and use high technology
methods for poaching activities (ESAAMLG, 2016) including firearms, telescopic
sights, night vision spotlights, radio communications and vehicles. Some
countries especially those with a recent history of conflict, poachers have had
military training (ESAAMLG, 2016).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Syndicate Poaching is sophisticated organized
crime, well-funded, well networked and internationally orchestrated. They
always operate in large groups with minimum 5 members. They are exceedingly
well equipped with light aircraft, helicopters, assault rifles, explosives,
night vision optics, vehicles, (encrypted) radio communication, dart guns and
camouflage clothing. They are professionals, frequently with a military or
Para-military background and training. They are target Selective, with species
including black & white rhino, elephant, lion and leopard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Current
situation of poaching and tracking in the world<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Illegal
trade of wild animals has been identified as organized crime at global scale.
It severely affect the ecosystem balance and it also hinders social and
economic development in many communities (Warchol 2004; Sollund 2011 The
Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network(TRAFFIC) has already recognized<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>places where wildlife trade is particularly
threatening called “wildlife trade hotspots.” including China’s international
borders, trade hubs in East/Southern Africa and South-east Asia, the eastern
borders of the European Union, some markets in Mexico, parts of the Caribbean,
parts of Indonesia and New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>World
Wildlife Seizure database (World WISE) which was assembled according to the
annual and biennial reports of CITES parties currently contains over 164,000
seizures from 120 countries by the end of October 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pie chart-
Share of total seizure incidents in World WISE by region, aggregated 2005-2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although
African countries, India and Sri Lanka often act as source country in the illegal
trade, they accounts <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a small fraction of
World WISE database because most of their countries have never been submitted a
Biennial report to CITES.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The World WISE
database is still under development and there are remaining gaps in its
geographic and temporal coverage. CITES has been recorded that actual number of
animals being killed cannot estimated after transportation because wildlife is
often processed before shipments. Therefore actual condition of poaching and
tracking may be more worsen than the recorded seizures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pie chart-
Share of taxonomic class among total aggregated seizures in World WISE by
region, aggregated 1999-2015(source-world wise)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nearly 7,000
species have been seized, including mammals, reptiles, corals, birds and fish.
No single species accounts for more than 6% of the seizure incidents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Every
country in the world plays a role as a source, transit or destination in the
wildlife crime and no single country is responsible as the source of more than
15% of the total number of seized shipments captured in the database. Suspected
traffickers belongs 80 nationalities, proving that wildlife crime is truly a
global issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Illegal
Birds trade is most strongly associated with Central and South America, mammals
with Africa and Asia, reptiles with Europe and North America; and corals with
Oceania. Some species and regions are more affected than others due to the
limited availability and higher demand. Scale of the seizures are ranging
several container loads of illegal wildlife to a single item in the hand
baggage of a tourist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some markets
make use of multiple species, while some species go for multiple distinct
markets. As an example the illegal exotic leathers trade is feeding by a range
of reptiles including various species of python, crocodile and lizard poached
for their skins. At the same time, pythons are illegally hunted not only for
their skins, but their meat is eaten, they are kept as pets and their
gallbladders are used as an ingredient in the traditional medicine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With regard
to trafficking, some criminal groups are involved in smuggling multiple
species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>Ivory, rhino horn, and
pangolin scales are often detected in the same shipment on multiple occasions.
Most seizures in World WISE database have been transported by the shipments of
a single species. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
regulations related to illegal trade also vary with the countries. Most
countries allow for the sale of antique ivory including pianos with ivory keys
those belong to the elephants killed before the formulations of international
convention. There are also countries where dealing in freshly-taken ivory is
allowed, including countries where elephants naturally range. But the
contribution of these legal markets is seems to be insignificant compare to the
illegal market for decline of the wildlife. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
traffickers can broaden their access to a new groups of buyers through the
introduction of illegal products into legal markets because buyers are not well
aware whether the commodities are legal origin or not. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
significant amount of wildlife trafficking is reportedly dependent upon the
Internet (Williamson 2004; IFAW 2005, 2012; WU 2007; Troiano 2011; Interpol
2013)c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Internet
has boosted wildlife trafficking in a substantial way by lowering the barriers
to entry into criminal markets and opening the way for new criminal actors
(Anita Lavorgna, 2014).In most cases, Internet-mediated wildlife trafficking is
connected with legal markets. On the one hand, criminals can expand their
illegal wildlife trade under the coverage of legitimate companies on internet.
Many legitimate traders in wildlife and pets tend to increase their profit
embracing criminal opportunities in the online as it appears an easy and safe
way to earn more money. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wildlife
trafficking has been recognized as an increasing threat to national and global
security(IFAW 2008) due to the use<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>of
its profit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>for the terrorism and
guerrilla insurgency (IFAW 2008; Dalberg 2012).As an example, African terrorist
groups are making large sums of money by poaching elephants for their ivory in
the areas they control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching
in Asia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wildlife
trade within Asia is also regulated through the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) .More than million
animals (0.3 million butterflies; 16.0 million seahorses; 0.1 million other
fish, 17.4 million reptiles; 0.4 million mammals, 1.0 million birds) were
exported within the period of 1998-2000 and 30 million (*300 species) of them
were being wild-caught. In addition 18 million pieces and 2 million kg of live
corals were exported. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Malaysia,
Vietnam, Indonesia and China have been revealed as the major exporters of
wild-caught animals and the European Union and Japan are the most significant
importers (Vincent Nijman, 2009). Over this period exports in birds has been
significantly decreased, trade in the other taxa either increased or remained
stable. Butterflies represent the vast majority of individuals of the
wild-caught animals. Records of illegal or undeclared international trade can
be significantly larger than levels of official exports.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recently
McNeely et al. (2009) identified<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Most of
the countries in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Asia are going through
a transitional period<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>because economic
development is spreading quickly in many countries (most notably the
substantial investments in infrastructure in India and China) with expanding
cities and it has been driven towards <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an
increasing trend of unsustainable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>trade
of wild animals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Countries in
Southeast Asia including China’s international borders and parts of Indonesia
have been identified as a ‘wildlife trade hotspots’ where wildlife trade poses
a disproportional large threat (Davies 2005; TRAFFIC 2008; see also Sodhi et
al. 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While most
wildlife is traded locally or within the political borders of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>countries, there is a large volume of
wildlife that is traded internationally (Green and Shirley 1999; Wood 2001).Trade
in CITES-listed species of wildlife from Asia involved millions of animals
annually, with the majority of animals being derived from the wild.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For most
taxa there is no or limited data available on what level of extraction is
biologically sustainable, and it is difficult to draw conclusions on the impact
that high levels of trade may have on wild populations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Numerous
studies have concluded that regulation of wildlife trade laws within Asia in
relation to international or domestic trade are insufficient (van Dijk et al.
2000; Nooren and Claridge 2001) and there is an urgent need for initiatives to
make regulatory mechanisms more effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />

Poaching and trafficking of wild animals

What is poaching and trafficking of wild animals? Poaching is the illegal hunting of protected wildlife and violating laws in the ar...

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