Soil density natural green Link Author Title: Soil density Author: natural green Rating 5 of 5 Des: Soil particle density and bulk density Particle density Soil is a three-phase system that consists of a soli... <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Soil particle density and bulk density </span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Particle density</span></div> </div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil is a three-phase system that consists of a solid phase (organic matter and inorganic matter), gaseous phase and liquid phase (water).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL20NYGKDg24rDgSzdJahc9yHvgYJvP9uejDHf-Y9GmMcdukGJYI0VhFcdgygH3uJWrM8vigbLNLikqqZHzhLNxGDW2ZToovKuqU7i6J3W9FYnNJEaQ7H8brY52S-efScKIL6gKBAnvkYW/s1600/gas.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiL20NYGKDg24rDgSzdJahc9yHvgYJvP9uejDHf-Y9GmMcdukGJYI0VhFcdgygH3uJWrM8vigbLNLikqqZHzhLNxGDW2ZToovKuqU7i6J3W9FYnNJEaQ7H8brY52S-efScKIL6gKBAnvkYW/s1600/gas.gif" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> For particle density, the volume of the solid phase is only considered.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Particle density is the volumetric mass of the solid soil. 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style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Table Particle density of different soil textural classes<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 234.9pt;" valign="top" width="313"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Textural classes<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> </td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 243.9pt;" valign="top" width="325"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Particle density ( g/ cm3)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 234.9pt;" valign="top" width="313"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Coarse sand<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 243.9pt;" valign="top" width="325"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">2.655<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 234.9pt;" valign="top" width="313"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Fine sand<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 243.9pt;" valign="top" width="325"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">2.798<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 234.9pt;" valign="top" width="313"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Silt<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 243.9pt;" valign="top" width="325"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 234.9pt;" valign="top" width="313"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">Clay<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 243.9pt;" valign="top" width="325"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">2.387<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bulk density<o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bulk density is the ratio of the mass of a given soil sample to its bulk volume. Both volumes of solid particles and pores are considered as bulk volume. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Soils that are loose, porous, or well aggregated will have lower bulk densities than soils that are compacted or non-aggregated. This is because pore space (or air) weighs less than solid space (soil particles).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:line id="Straight_x0020_Connector_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" style='position:absolute;flip:y;z-index:251660288; visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-width-percent:0; mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt; mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute; mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative:text;mso-width-percent:0;mso-width-relative:margin' from="157.5pt,44.25pt" to="437.25pt,47.25pt" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC75UiUBQEAAB4CAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbKSRvU7DMBSF dyTewfKKEqcMCKEmHfgZgaE8wMW+SSwc27JvS/v23KTJgkoXFsu+P+c7Ol5vDoMTe0zZBl/LVVlJ gV4HY31Xy4/tS3EvRSbwBlzwWMsjZrlprq/W22PELHjb51r2RPFBqax7HCCXIaLnThvSAMTP1KkI 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21.4666652679443px; text-align: center;">Bulk volume of </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;"> </span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: underline;">Sample calculation for particle density and bulk density</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzqqpgtsm3lej_rbnVsfx0676sOddvnYXRXDB90uys3IWPM6CI1jqLWpvv3PqmnPYeY4Dh9cXO56ebw9invcW9-SSYHsdDPSGkS7z5lPUvQONf9oWH_9T-Q5uA-nAluxd2h1dKnkgm-F-/s1600/density.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPzqqpgtsm3lej_rbnVsfx0676sOddvnYXRXDB90uys3IWPM6CI1jqLWpvv3PqmnPYeY4Dh9cXO56ebw9invcW9-SSYHsdDPSGkS7z5lPUvQONf9oWH_9T-Q5uA-nAluxd2h1dKnkgm-F-/s320/density.png" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: underline;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt 101.25pt;"> <span style="color: red; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Soil particle density is always larger than soil bulk density.<o:p></o:p></span><br /> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u>Bulk the density of different textural classes</u></span></b></div> <div class="MsoCaption" style="page-break-after: avoid;"> <br /></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">Textural class<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">Bulk density (g/cc)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">Pore space (%)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">Sandy soil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">1.6<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">40<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">Loam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">1.4<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">47<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">Silt loam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">1.3<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">Clay<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">1.1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 159.6pt;" valign="top" width="213"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt;">58<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt 101.25pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> According to the above table, sandy soils have less total pore than clayey soils, so generally, they have higher bulk densities. Bulk densities of sandy soils usually vary between 1.2 to 1.8 Mg m3. Finetextured soils, such as Clays, silt clays, or clay loams, have bulk densities between 1.0 and 1.6 Mg m-3.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"> <u>Factors affecting soil bulk density<o:p></o:p></u></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><br /></u></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1) Porosity (When the soil has relatively more pores, soils have a lower weight per unit volume therefore soil bulk density relatively is lower.)</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkqR4bvzH8VZFrydhD38boHLStdIVhg410qejOT9y3U1iq2GcAkNgGXf5YD0vsYcYKcPWKGek7fCqyjl2tkxoyQi_73LRb-A4awlT4V6RHCH1iUopKk08ndTbLmDo3pQpeKXBGi4cikjQI/s1600/bulk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkqR4bvzH8VZFrydhD38boHLStdIVhg410qejOT9y3U1iq2GcAkNgGXf5YD0vsYcYKcPWKGek7fCqyjl2tkxoyQi_73LRb-A4awlT4V6RHCH1iUopKk08ndTbLmDo3pQpeKXBGi4cikjQI/s320/bulk.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2)</span><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organic matter (When soil have more organic matter, soils are well aggregated together so pores are lower, therefore, bulk density is relatively lower.)</span><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BULK DENSITY INCREASING</span></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <b><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Clayey Loamy Sandy <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Well aggregated moderately aggregated Non-aggregated<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> High organic content Moderate organic content Low organic matte content <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3)</span><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aggregation (When soils are well aggregated, pore are larger and the number of pores is increased mass per unit volume is low, therefore bulk density is low)</span><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4)</span><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arrangement of particles(When soil particles are loose bounded together, the soil has more pores so soils have a mass per unit volume, therefore soils have low bulk density.)</span><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5) Compaction (The compaction resulting from cultivation can be detrimental to plant growth. Cropped soils generally have higher bulk densities than uncultivated soils.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The movement of machinery over the field forces solid particles into spaces once occupied by water or air, resulting in less pore space and increased bulk density. )<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfM1-rE7uZEYi7IaGryTHBWTyiSdpkTThtYCnBy1biDktgnEMA2dkBgTPTPXDtdInCvucuLHOzZGRAFYXq7Z3zQ1V7vtPGZB69-rbzaAOXHIu-S_yna9foMhK0xv4w4-6XoTqNWeR5FwJM/s1600/bulkDensity.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfM1-rE7uZEYi7IaGryTHBWTyiSdpkTThtYCnBy1biDktgnEMA2dkBgTPTPXDtdInCvucuLHOzZGRAFYXq7Z3zQ1V7vtPGZB69-rbzaAOXHIu-S_yna9foMhK0xv4w4-6XoTqNWeR5FwJM/s1600/bulkDensity.gif" /></a></div> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6) Depth of soil profile(lower layers of soils have less organic matter, roots and compact due to the above soil layers, so mass per unit volume is relatively low therefore bulk density is also low.)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 61.5pt;"> <!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;margin-left:0;margin-top:0;width:185.25pt;height:323.25pt; z-index:251662336;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square; mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt; mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:left; mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:top; mso-position-vertical-relative:text'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\MADHUS~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.emz" o:title=""/> <w:wrap type="square"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aggregation can decrease some of these effects.</span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-bBxV9O0fqACBXwvyc0u94tBEoTUXTJg4VQj75LVfGae9yQEW4fGHkKsozF5MdhEPFyVrJGn7jhCXvSXkampNjCwi_uCcfuk2lDmN_ZOwvUy1wWDt6DDcyj0NLXg1YEyuHVWGUTPHmGet/s1600/soil%2527.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-bBxV9O0fqACBXwvyc0u94tBEoTUXTJg4VQj75LVfGae9yQEW4fGHkKsozF5MdhEPFyVrJGn7jhCXvSXkampNjCwi_uCcfuk2lDmN_ZOwvUy1wWDt6DDcyj0NLXg1YEyuHVWGUTPHmGet/s320/soil%2527.png" width="183" /></a></span></div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-65880709-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> Soil density Soil particle density and bulk density Particle density Soil is a three-phase system that consists of a soli... 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