Archive for March 2018

Chemical leasing

natural green

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Title: Chemical leasing
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Chemicals using industries : cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, f...

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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemicals using
industries</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water
treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, fertilizers and
pesticides in agriculture, makeup accessories, lubricants and detergents in
beverage industry, cleaning of vessels in the food industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemical leasing</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
is Chemical leasing is a service-oriented business model that shifts the focus
from increasing sales volume of chemicals, toward a value-added approach. (UNIDO)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Importance of chemical
leasing over traditional approach <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Over
consumption of chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lack
of proper disposal method or recycling of excess chemicals <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Use
of inefficient machines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impacts of improper
disposal of hazardous chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Global
warming<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bioaccumulation
and bio- magnification along aquatic food chains<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ozone
depletion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Acid
rains<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The difference between
traditional chemical business model and chemical leasing model<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglkM_TvUZDZJSXKDS4kkPDZeBlNYrtdisMJnpZpjsbK1WsGLBgAFDB7BxvceJx7HjATtZkGEY5tDsf8bY7Tbt_ZuSR5jS8bP_8iW1p_7VdvvLxhAZ-pEf-0ulBqfhWWAjT46VIG2oPDE8-/s1600/exmaple+0.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="735" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglkM_TvUZDZJSXKDS4kkPDZeBlNYrtdisMJnpZpjsbK1WsGLBgAFDB7BxvceJx7HjATtZkGEY5tDsf8bY7Tbt_ZuSR5jS8bP_8iW1p_7VdvvLxhAZ-pEf-0ulBqfhWWAjT46VIG2oPDE8-/s640/exmaple+0.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Traditional chemical
business model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Chemicals are mainly sold to the
customers by chemical producers. The payment is based on the volume or tons of
chemicals sold. Increasing the sells chemicals or increasing the price of
chemicals are the options amiable for the chemical producers to gain a large
profit but <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the chemicals producers tend
to sell more volume or tons of chemicals in order to enhance their profit due
to the competition between chemical producers. The chemicals producers does not
bear the responsibility of management of the produced chemicals throughout the
entire life cycle of chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemical leasing model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:
The functions performed by the chemical is mainly sold to users and suppliers
by the chemical producer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The payment is
based on the functional units. The profit is increased with increasing of
functional unit per volume or kg of chemicals. Chemical producers has to take
the responsibility of management of produced chemicals throughout their entire
life cycle including management of the waste.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifk0mk1Q7U5Q8ou72eCJ2MwGj6TulMxRchRdJ7a4X5wV-zQ4RdCDGfNrHWbedNuWjQxSMFOo_d0-_CClUPCQMCo8S1sHXAEsyjYvY9fyYNPT_LAKTgUC8PJK__UskFin33ldEjQNSoKUHb/s1600/exmaple.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="637" height="338" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifk0mk1Q7U5Q8ou72eCJ2MwGj6TulMxRchRdJ7a4X5wV-zQ4RdCDGfNrHWbedNuWjQxSMFOo_d0-_CClUPCQMCo8S1sHXAEsyjYvY9fyYNPT_LAKTgUC8PJK__UskFin33ldEjQNSoKUHb/s640/exmaple.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The chemical leasing
model creates a win-win situation because it gives the benefits for both
producers and users. The chemical leasing has designed to achieve efficient use
of chemicals and reduce health risks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It improves the
economic and environmental performance of participating companies, and enhances
their access to new markets. Proper benefit sharing, high-quality standards and
mutual trust between participating companies are considered as the key elements
of successful chemical leasing model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Advantages of chemical
leasing:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Enhance
the efficiency of workers and production process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
the cost related to transportation and storage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Significant
cost reduction through the reduction of chemical usage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
hazardous waste generation <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Enhance
the work place safety<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Boarder
the assess to new markets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce
the environmental impacts related to production process<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Raise
the awareness of employees regarding handling chemicals and health hazardous <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Able
to comply with environmental regulations related to waste management <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Case study in Siberia <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos, largest <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">mineral water and
beverages producer of Siberia has implemented a successful chemical leasing
project for its conveyor belts with the cooperation of its chemical supplier
Ecolab in 2009. Lubricants are generally applied to maintain the smooth
movement of bottles along the conveyor belts. In earlier, water based
lubricants were applied to the conveyor belts.</span></span> Alkyl amines and
acetic acid compounds which are corrosive and toxic were mainly used as
lubricants. <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Despite the
environmental issues regarding high water consumption and high occupational risks,
those chemical based lubricants had hazardous properties. Spraying those
lubricants to conveyor line made the floor slippery and led to work place
accidents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos was able to
find an innovative approach to enhance efficiency the production process and ensure
the work place safety under the guidance of Cleaner Production Centre in Serbia.
The hazardous water based lubricant was substituted by the non- hazardous dried
lubricant. The use of dry lubricants lefts the floor dry. Thereby it eliminate
the occupational safety risks of employees. Nozzles and automated dosage system
were installed to conveyor line. The factory pays the working time of the
conveyor belt for the Ecolab rather than <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">paying kg of lubricants. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ecolab
has encouraged to optimize the effectiveness of their lubricants because their
profit gained from </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos is increased with the
reducing the volume of lubricant for the <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">conveyor belts. The shifting into dry
lubricants eliminate the water and chemicals for pretreatment and waste water
treatment process, reduce the chemical consumption by 50% and save water. It is
also able to reduce the health risk associated with aerosols in working place.
The coast saving per convoy line has recorded as EUR 5,700 per year. Although
Ecolab sells less volume of lubricants, it gains high profit through their
service. Both </span></span>Knjaz Milos and Ecolab <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">were awarded with a Gold for their chemical
leasing project at the Global Chemical Leasing Award in June 2012.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Chemical leasing

Chemicals using industries: cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, makeup accessories, lu…

30 Mar 2018

Water footprint

natural green

Link Author

Title: Water footprint
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

• Water footprint is the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we consume. Importance of e...

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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water footprint is the</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">amount of water used to produce each of the goods and
services we consume.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Importance of
estimation of water footprint</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water has become scarce resource in
many region.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
extraction rate of ground water has exceeded the rate of natural replenishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
has no equal distribution throughout the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Significant
fraction of available water is not suitable for human consumption due to the
pollution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Most
of the area of the world do not receive sufficient rain or seasonal rain
pattern has been changed as results of global climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identify
the water intensive products, services, behaviors and input into production. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Help
to reduce the water consumption or pollution through a production chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manufacturing
goods at one place have impacts on water basin anywhere else.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The difference between traditional water withdrawal indicator
and water footprint<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
water withdrawal indicator considers the non-consumptive water use too. Non
consumptive water use refers the return water flow. The blue water footprint of
direct water footprint of a product is considered as the return flow. The water
footprint only take consumptive water use into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
withdrawal indicator only measures the blue water footprint component but water
footprint involves the measurement of all three components (Blue water
footprint, green water footprint and gray water footprint).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">       
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water
withdrawal indicator refers to only the direct water use but the water
footprint considers both direct and indirect water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b>water
footprint of a product</b> is the volume of freshwater used to produce the
product, measured over the various steps of the production chain. The water use
is taken as the measure of the water volumes of consumed of polluted. Water
evaporated or incorporated to products is considered as the water consumption.
Thereby that water may be no longer able to be used in its original form or
reuse readily. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
water footprint of a product is estimated as the volume of fresh water used per
unit of product.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The water
footprint is often divided into three components. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Green water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the volume of water consumed from the global
green water resources (rainwater stored in the form of soil moisture).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Blue water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the total volume of freshwater consumed from
the global blue water resources (surface water and ground water).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gray water
footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the volume of freshwater that is needed to dilute
the pollutants load to meet the existing national water quality standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Virtual-water chain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">    The ‘virtual-water
content’ of a product (good or service) is considered as the volume of fresh
water used to produce the product, over all steps of the production chain.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The water used to produce a product
is considered as the virtual water except the water contained in the product.
The virtual-water content of a product is significant compare to the real water
content of most products. The water use at a particular step is considered as
the direct water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a business <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is the measure of total volume of fresh water
directly or indirectly incorporated use to run or support a business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Use of water in the business <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is incorporated as an ingredient into products or
used as a solvent. After production process, raw water is subjected to
pollution and released as effluents which threat the wellbeing of the aquatic
ecosystems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Problems associated with mismanagement of waste
water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Disrupt the company reputation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Pay for the pollution caused by particular industry
(Polluter pay principle) to the nearby water systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Subject to strict regulatory control if the company
does not take appropriate action to manage the incidents regarding sudden
failure of the waste water management <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Insufficient availability of freshwater for conducting
the operations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; tab-stops: 78.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Water
footprint of a business is comprised of two components including direct water
use and indirect water use. Direct water use refers to the operational water
print. Indirect water use refers to the supply chain water footprint. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">The <b>operational water footprint</b> is the water
consumption and pollution related to the operations within the business. The
operational water footprints is again divided into two components as
operational water footprint directly associated with production of products and
overhead operational water footprint. A considerable fraction of water returns
to blue water resources after waste water treatment process therefore only consumptive
water use of the blue water footprint is considered in the estimation of water
footprint of production of products. The overhead</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;">
operational water footprint is </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">the water consumption and pollution related to general water using
activities including water use in bathroom and kitchen, watering the garden and
washing the worker’s clothes within the business.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> The <b>supply
chain water footprint</b> is </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">the volume of freshwater consumed or polluted to
produce all the inputs of production of the business. Thereby water footprint
of one business can be overlapped with water footprint of another business
through the supply chain. The supply chain water footprint is also again
divided into water footprint related to products inputs and overhead supply
chain water footprint. Overhead supply-chain water footprint</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">is the volume of water consumed or polluted due
to the materials and energy for general use including cars, trucks, fuels,
electricity.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Supply chain water footprint is larger than
operational water footprint of many business which does not have own
agricultural activities to produce their input since production of feed for animals
requires much water than operating the processing industry including cleaning,
washing equipment and pollution . The supply chain water footprint is dominated
by green water while the operational water footprint is dominated by blue and
gray water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a person<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">The water footprint
of a person is the total volume of freshwater consume or polluted to produce
all the good and services. According to the recent researches, nearly 4 % of
the water footprint of humanity relates to water use at home (Hoekstra and
Mekonnen </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a consumer is divided into two
components including direct use and indirect use. Direct use refers to the
water use at home. It includes the drinking, bathing, cooking and washing at
home. Number water units consumed per month is used to calculate the direct
water use. The water footprint regarding consumed goods and services is
considered as the indirect water use. Multiplication of number unit consumed
from each good and services by their respective water footprint is summed to
estimate the indirect water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduction of water footprint:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Industry</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:
water meters should be installed to monitor the water use. Water audits should
be conducted to identify the leaks and fix them as soon as possible. Raw
materials with low water footprint should be used for manufacturing goods and
services rather than raw materials with intensive water footprint. As an
example, sugar cane cultivation requires more water than beet cultivation.
Water results from the evaporation from beet can be used for the operations
within the sugar manufacturing industries. Thereby it eliminates total water
requirements from blue water resources including ground water and surface
water. Therefore use of beet as raw materials can reduce the total water
footprint along the both operational and supply chain of sugar manufacturing
industry. Rain water harvesting system can be installed to store the rain
water. These rainwater can be incorporated into boilers, condensers, cleaning
the factory floors and flushing the toilets to reduce the use of portable water
within the factories. Waste water treatment plant should be constructed or
existing waste water treatment plant should be further improved to enhance the
quality of the treated water. These treated water can be used for cleaning
purposes and boilers of the factories. The pressure of the water distribution
system can be reduced to decrease the volume of water delivered for particular
purpose. Regular taps should be replaced by sensor taps to prevent leakages.
Dual flush system should be installed for the toilets system rather water
intensive single flush system. Dual flush system has separate flushing for
feces with high water requirement and urine with less water requirement. The
volume of the tank of toilet tank can be reduced by using a displacement device
such as bottle filled with water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">

</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Personal: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Good
and services with large water footprint should be purchased rather than goods
and services with small water footprint. Products associated with beef meet
requires more water than products associated with chicken meet because the
cultivation of feed for cattle often consumes more water. Water saving
techniques including sensor taps, faucet aerators, dual flushing systems and
rain water harvesting systems can be implemented. The top loading washers can
be replaced with less water consuming </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">front-loading clothes washers</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">.
Leaks should be identified and fixed. Spills should be avoided as much as
possible. Although people can reduce the negative impacts related to direct
water use, it is difficult to reduce the negative consequences of indirect
water footprint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />

Water footprint

• Water footprint is the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we consume. Importance of estimation of water footprint Water has become scarce resource in many region. ·…

29 Mar 2018

Poaching and trafficking of wild animals

natural green

Link Author

Title: Poaching and trafficking of wild animals
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

What is poaching and trafficking of wild animals? Poaching is the illegal hunting of protected wildlife and violating laws in the ar...

<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What is
poaching and trafficking of wild animals?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching is the
illegal hunting of protected wildlife and violating laws in the area. It
concerns both live and dead, specimens and products of wild animals. It has
been started in the 1700's in Europe.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">INTERPOL has been estimated that it is the third largest
illegal trade after drugs and guns. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the United Nations Environmental
programme Year Book 2014, the annual dollar value of illegal wildlife trade is
somewhere between $50-$150 billion dollars per year. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Modern
wildlife management permits only hunting and fishing of certain species under
carefully controlled regulations which can include seasons, time of day,
sporting equipment restrictions and other items. Much of this illegal trade is
reported from developing countries, which contain most of the world's
biodiversity to developed ones which provide the demand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">According to
the recent media reports, photogenic animals including elephants, rhinos, and tigers
are the main targeted animals. Many of these animals are critically endangered or
have already gone extinct in the wild. As an example, both the Western Black
Rhino (Save the Rhino International 2015) and the Northern White Rhino are
believed to be extinct in the wild (WWF 2015) as a direct consequence of rhino
poaching for their horns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The poaching
and illegal trafficking of animals and or their by-products is not limited to photogenic
species.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pangolins are
not particularly attractive (Gill 2012) and do not receive much media
attention, but are among the most poached mammals in the world for their meat
and scales (Sutter 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMkkeD7hhAZs1BacEeWvaWjWWZkM_k7C464QcpNlIrqGGpSPFTHtMsIKMQfuJz-dXmkIhNUI7AZPlXI9A5YnxSYMToxgPNSLKDh9nMzesQjUF46HsDeJKUmKw_CAZwZHdGmOdFYvDnKUHX/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMkkeD7hhAZs1BacEeWvaWjWWZkM_k7C464QcpNlIrqGGpSPFTHtMsIKMQfuJz-dXmkIhNUI7AZPlXI9A5YnxSYMToxgPNSLKDh9nMzesQjUF46HsDeJKUmKw_CAZwZHdGmOdFYvDnKUHX/s320/1.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                    -Pangolin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Why are
animals poaching?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">World-wise
database has recognized that the illegal trade of wildlife has mainly focused
on seven sectors as seafood, pets and zoos, food and medicine, art and jewelry,
cosmetics and perfume, fashion and furniture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Flesh and eggs of turtles are illegally
consumed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Most live
animals are caught to sell as a pet or showpieces zoos. Western countries
prefer wild animals than cats and dogs to keep as pet. Urban communities tend
to display these wildlife in their market place including restaurants to
attract more customers. Parrots Including macaws, cockatoos and parakeets and
orangutans, gibbons and clouded leopards are mostly caught and exchange in
global pet trade.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rhino horns, parts of Tigers including its
bones, skin, teeth and claws, wild bear bile, Pangolin scales and freshwater
turtles and tortoises have highest demand at the global medicine trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Even though their medicinal values is less,
some healers still prefer medicine extracted from animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Bushmeat are highly demanded as a status meal
in some country. Flesh of</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tragulus kanchil (Mouse deer) and Ratufa macororura (gaint squaral) are
example of few animals being killed for bush meat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animal body parts are used for ornamental
purpose. Big cat skins are kept as a status symbol in luxury home decorations.
Ivory and horns of elks and deer had used to show their pride in rich house in
Sri Lanka. . Ivory, turtle shells and tiger teethes are craved to jewelry,
utensils, religious figurines and trinkets<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kathuri deer is poached to extract kasthuri
for perfume production in India. Animals’ far and skins including river otter
skins, brown fur seal skins, Pangolin skin, skins of all Asian big cats
including tigers, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopards, and Asiatic lions,
zebra skin, reptiles skin and bear fur are harvested annually for manufacturing
high end products such as shoes, handbags, costumes and other leather products.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animal body parts are extracted to produce
furniture. Ivory and horns of elks are widely used for production of tables. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo8n7JBXOJH1wXl5oDHbZ52mE3h1zqp_8bln01E4MZulIWI5F1gIgru7ApBmtYYQvamSsxeqMQLMcknZ4pLYNfHCh4vtCDS7Wl0wWUi8lS4lgNbaVrgJrGCoAQyOGfMapvNlY1FfAyZ5bz/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="694" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo8n7JBXOJH1wXl5oDHbZ52mE3h1zqp_8bln01E4MZulIWI5F1gIgru7ApBmtYYQvamSsxeqMQLMcknZ4pLYNfHCh4vtCDS7Wl0wWUi8lS4lgNbaVrgJrGCoAQyOGfMapvNlY1FfAyZ5bz/s320/2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                   Piano keys
are made of ivory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Methods
used for poaching and trafficking of wild animals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching and
trafficking is the well organized crime in the global trade. Sophisticated as
well as conventional techniques are used for illegal killing or catching wild
animals. Poachers spray poison to water to kill large number of wild animal at
one time. Wire snares are tied to trees in order to choke the animal when they
run or walk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
hakka patas which is a mixture of explosive matters is mainly used to kill
elephants targeting their tusks.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAzexUvyXNQCKlwJ8FdU8yaS3okI-W1IzdOE4nlcPKheUNCw-jgKjJV_MRaoKXd2h3AkghpEO3NPzGF7BdgaZGKNazZGYQbqQhKMbNhLexLdNXiWfS7H2fHSLQSQB9dZ94S7W9Skd5xpuB/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="659" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAzexUvyXNQCKlwJ8FdU8yaS3okI-W1IzdOE4nlcPKheUNCw-jgKjJV_MRaoKXd2h3AkghpEO3NPzGF7BdgaZGKNazZGYQbqQhKMbNhLexLdNXiWfS7H2fHSLQSQB9dZ94S7W9Skd5xpuB/s320/3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                    Tiger was
trapped in a wire snare. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With the
assistance of dogs, wild animals are chased toward the trap net which are laid
over the ground or pitfall. Electrocution is the placement of 230 volts -11KV
overhead electrical wires on animal route to kill animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Poachers tend to set sudden fire during the
summer. They try to kill or caught the wild animals which run away to escape
form the fire. GPS and low lying helicopters are used to detect the location of
targeted wild animals. Then poachers study the animals’ daily routines and plan
according to the observations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Driving
factors <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poverty</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Poverty is often recognized as the
main driver of the Illegal wildlife trade (Duffy and St John, 2013; Duffy et
al, 2016). It has been revealed that higher levels of elephant poaching is
being recorded in the areas with serve poverty and the poaching decreases as a
results of increasing of food security(CITES Secretariat et al, 2013).
Individuals from poor communities would not involve in the poaching of
economically valuable species unless wealthier communities forces rapid demand
(Duffy and St John’s, 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Role of
demand and price</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">:
The rising income in consumer countries has created a strong demand for
wildlife products (Duffy and St John, 2013). Altogether increasing economic and
development of infrastructure links between Africa and Asia have been increased
the elephant poaching and the illegal international ivory trade from 2006
onwards (Bennett, 2014). Rising prices and increased levels of purchasing high
value species has been noted that demand for illegal trade may also be growing
(Challender and MacMillan, 2014). Ivory is of high value per unit mass, the
hunter potentially receives a highly disproportionate price, equivalent to
annual earnings, from the sale of ivory from even a single animal, and prices
increase all along the trade chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lack of
alternative livelihoods, subsistence and income generation</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Economic activity or employment
opportunities cannot find easily in the most of rural areas in which wildlife
is abundant. Illicit wildlife trade including selling of bush meat provides
great opportunity for local people with few alternative livelihood options to
gain quick cash income (Lindsey et al, 2015).</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In rural Zambia, some hunters are able to earn nearly
US$100 from a single expedition and hunters are among the wealthiest community
members (Brown, 2007 in Lindsey et al, 2015)</span>.<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That bush meat was recognized as a cash generating
income after agriculture, suggesting that bush meat constituted an important
element in the local economy (Loibooki et al., 2002). the rate of hunting and
household bush meat consumption decline sharply during the peak time of
agricultural activity (Lindsey et al, 2015).</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some people depend on wild meat for their annual
protein supply because they cannot afford alternative sources.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In rural areas which are close to
wildlife source populations, bush meat is preferred because it is normally
cheaper than alternatives.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In urban areas, demand for bush meat is driven by preference for its
taste and it is recognized as a way of preserving traditions. (Lindsey et al,
2015; UNOCD, 2016). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level of
poaching</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level of
poaching has identified three main types of criminals involved in wildlife
trafficking</span> ( <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Zimmerman
2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">At the, subsistence
Level, a person usually hunts animals for feeding himself and his family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>This individual is often posed by poverty but
he can quickly improve to become a commercial poacher. They will often live in
the surrounding areas or within the wilderness and well know the terrain,
habitat, infrastructure, routines and resident species remarkably. Subsistence
poaching is often characterized by low technology including use of traps and
snares with a minimal impact on wildlife populations (Mackenzie, 1988; Adams,
2004; Fischer et al. 2013: 264; Adams et al. 2009).But the use of non-selective
hunting technologies can be detrimental to species of both conservation concern
and critical to nature-based tourism including elephant, lion and wild dog
(Becker et al. 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Commercial
Poaching involve illegal hunting of animals for bush meat, traditional medicine
& narcotic sales. Recently developed subsistence level poacher and
traditional physicians fall into this category. Unlike subsistence poachers,
professional poachers have well-structured operations and use high technology
methods for poaching activities (ESAAMLG, 2016) including firearms, telescopic
sights, night vision spotlights, radio communications and vehicles. Some
countries especially those with a recent history of conflict, poachers have had
military training (ESAAMLG, 2016).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Syndicate Poaching is sophisticated organized
crime, well-funded, well networked and internationally orchestrated. They
always operate in large groups with minimum 5 members. They are exceedingly
well equipped with light aircraft, helicopters, assault rifles, explosives,
night vision optics, vehicles, (encrypted) radio communication, dart guns and
camouflage clothing. They are professionals, frequently with a military or
Para-military background and training. They are target Selective, with species
including black & white rhino, elephant, lion and leopard.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Current
situation of poaching and tracking in the world<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Illegal
trade of wild animals has been identified as organized crime at global scale.
It severely affect the ecosystem balance and it also hinders social and
economic development in many communities (Warchol 2004; Sollund 2011 The
Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network(TRAFFIC) has already recognized<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>places where wildlife trade is particularly
threatening called “wildlife trade hotspots.” including China’s international
borders, trade hubs in East/Southern Africa and South-east Asia, the eastern
borders of the European Union, some markets in Mexico, parts of the Caribbean,
parts of Indonesia and New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>World
Wildlife Seizure database (World WISE) which was assembled according to the
annual and biennial reports of CITES parties currently contains over 164,000
seizures from 120 countries by the end of October 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pie chart-
Share of total seizure incidents in World WISE by region, aggregated 2005-2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although
African countries, India and Sri Lanka often act as source country in the illegal
trade, they accounts <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a small fraction of
World WISE database because most of their countries have never been submitted a
Biennial report to CITES.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The World WISE
database is still under development and there are remaining gaps in its
geographic and temporal coverage. CITES has been recorded that actual number of
animals being killed cannot estimated after transportation because wildlife is
often processed before shipments. Therefore actual condition of poaching and
tracking may be more worsen than the recorded seizures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pie chart-
Share of taxonomic class among total aggregated seizures in World WISE by
region, aggregated 1999-2015(source-world wise)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nearly 7,000
species have been seized, including mammals, reptiles, corals, birds and fish.
No single species accounts for more than 6% of the seizure incidents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Every
country in the world plays a role as a source, transit or destination in the
wildlife crime and no single country is responsible as the source of more than
15% of the total number of seized shipments captured in the database. Suspected
traffickers belongs 80 nationalities, proving that wildlife crime is truly a
global issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Illegal
Birds trade is most strongly associated with Central and South America, mammals
with Africa and Asia, reptiles with Europe and North America; and corals with
Oceania. Some species and regions are more affected than others due to the
limited availability and higher demand. Scale of the seizures are ranging
several container loads of illegal wildlife to a single item in the hand
baggage of a tourist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some markets
make use of multiple species, while some species go for multiple distinct
markets. As an example the illegal exotic leathers trade is feeding by a range
of reptiles including various species of python, crocodile and lizard poached
for their skins. At the same time, pythons are illegally hunted not only for
their skins, but their meat is eaten, they are kept as pets and their
gallbladders are used as an ingredient in the traditional medicine. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With regard
to trafficking, some criminal groups are involved in smuggling multiple
species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>Ivory, rhino horn, and
pangolin scales are often detected in the same shipment on multiple occasions.
Most seizures in World WISE database have been transported by the shipments of
a single species. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
regulations related to illegal trade also vary with the countries. Most
countries allow for the sale of antique ivory including pianos with ivory keys
those belong to the elephants killed before the formulations of international
convention. There are also countries where dealing in freshly-taken ivory is
allowed, including countries where elephants naturally range. But the
contribution of these legal markets is seems to be insignificant compare to the
illegal market for decline of the wildlife. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The
traffickers can broaden their access to a new groups of buyers through the
introduction of illegal products into legal markets because buyers are not well
aware whether the commodities are legal origin or not. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A
significant amount of wildlife trafficking is reportedly dependent upon the
Internet (Williamson 2004; IFAW 2005, 2012; WU 2007; Troiano 2011; Interpol
2013)c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Internet
has boosted wildlife trafficking in a substantial way by lowering the barriers
to entry into criminal markets and opening the way for new criminal actors
(Anita Lavorgna, 2014).In most cases, Internet-mediated wildlife trafficking is
connected with legal markets. On the one hand, criminals can expand their
illegal wildlife trade under the coverage of legitimate companies on internet.
Many legitimate traders in wildlife and pets tend to increase their profit
embracing criminal opportunities in the online as it appears an easy and safe
way to earn more money. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wildlife
trafficking has been recognized as an increasing threat to national and global
security(IFAW 2008) due to the use<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>of
its profit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>for the terrorism and
guerrilla insurgency (IFAW 2008; Dalberg 2012).As an example, African terrorist
groups are making large sums of money by poaching elephants for their ivory in
the areas they control.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching
in Asia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wildlife
trade within Asia is also regulated through the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) .More than million
animals (0.3 million butterflies; 16.0 million seahorses; 0.1 million other
fish, 17.4 million reptiles; 0.4 million mammals, 1.0 million birds) were
exported within the period of 1998-2000 and 30 million (*300 species) of them
were being wild-caught. In addition 18 million pieces and 2 million kg of live
corals were exported. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Malaysia,
Vietnam, Indonesia and China have been revealed as the major exporters of
wild-caught animals and the European Union and Japan are the most significant
importers (Vincent Nijman, 2009). Over this period exports in birds has been
significantly decreased, trade in the other taxa either increased or remained
stable. Butterflies represent the vast majority of individuals of the
wild-caught animals. Records of illegal or undeclared international trade can
be significantly larger than levels of official exports.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recently
McNeely et al. (2009) identified<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Most of
the countries in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Asia are going through
a transitional period<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>because economic
development is spreading quickly in many countries (most notably the
substantial investments in infrastructure in India and China) with expanding
cities and it has been driven towards <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an
increasing trend of unsustainable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>trade
of wild animals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Countries in
Southeast Asia including China’s international borders and parts of Indonesia
have been identified as a ‘wildlife trade hotspots’ where wildlife trade poses
a disproportional large threat (Davies 2005; TRAFFIC 2008; see also Sodhi et
al. 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While most
wildlife is traded locally or within the political borders of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>countries, there is a large volume of
wildlife that is traded internationally (Green and Shirley 1999; Wood 2001).Trade
in CITES-listed species of wildlife from Asia involved millions of animals
annually, with the majority of animals being derived from the wild.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For most
taxa there is no or limited data available on what level of extraction is
biologically sustainable, and it is difficult to draw conclusions on the impact
that high levels of trade may have on wild populations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Numerous
studies have concluded that regulation of wildlife trade laws within Asia in
relation to international or domestic trade are insufficient (van Dijk et al.
2000; Nooren and Claridge 2001) and there is an urgent need for initiatives to
make regulatory mechanisms more effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />

Poaching and trafficking of wild animals

What is poaching and trafficking of wild animals? Poaching is the illegal hunting of protected wildlife and violating laws in the area. It concerns both live and dead, specimens and products of wild …

21 Mar 2018

Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures

natural green

Link Author

Title: Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Impacts of poaching of wild animals Despite its economic potential, illegal wildlife trade has already led to serve environmental pr...

<br />

<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impacts
of poaching of wild animals<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Despite its economic potential, illegal wildlife trade has
already led to serve environmental problems<b>.                                                                                                    </b></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reproduction</span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching
distrusts the reproductive behavior and population health of animals. T As
illegal hunting selectively removed older animals with large tusks</span>,<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> the genetic diversity in the elephant
population dramatically decline. For females, the loss of strong partners may
decrease female fitness, which may influence population growth rates. Only some
Asian males have tusks while both sexes are tusk bearing in African elephants.
Therefore the selective removal of Asian tusk bearing male elephants supports
to establish a tusk- less elephants population in the near future. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Extinction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching
is the second-biggest direct threat to species survival, after habitat
destruction and is directly related to significant population losses for many
species (Schneider 2012).Populations of species on earth declined by an average
40% between 1970 and 2000. Large-bodied animals are more susceptible local
extinction by hunting. Because hunters prefer to kill large animals to gain
large amount of meat and those are animals with the most valuable horns,
antlers and tusks than small animals. Thus, the hunters are able to earn much
money per unit of time and cost expended for large animals. Large species are
rare compared to smaller ones because they reproduce slowly. Thus, they are especially
vulnerable to overhunting and have limited capacity to recover from population
declines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ecosystem unbalance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching
has been posed threat to the ecosystem balance. Asian elephant is a keystone
species that has a particularly large effect on an environment relative to its
abundance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching
of keystone predator species encourages the uncontrolled growth of pray species
which results in dramatically increasing of grazing intensity to the point
where forest regeneration can be totally prevented. Eventually the forested
land is converted to desert.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overhunting
of keystone species brings dramatic population shifts which could result in
very negative consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Incidental killing of non-target
species<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Incidental
killing of animals also happens on land when crude traps are set (for example
for musk deer or duikers. These cause damage and death to a variety of animals
besides the intended ones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introducing invasive species<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introducing
invasive species which prey on, or compete with, native species posing threat
to the balance of nature as the direct overexploitation of some species by
humans.   American Mink and the Red-eared
Terrapin are the examples for animals become invasive after introduction from
their native habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transmission of diseases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Human
interactions with nonhuman primates including cultural engagements, meat
consumption and pet ownership to tourist encounters provide opportunities for
the exchange of pathogenic organisms (both zoonoses and anthroponoses).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prevention of poaching and trafficking<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Several anti-poaching measures have been attempted
successfully over the years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public education is
one of more powerful tool to encourage buyers to make informed choices when
they are buying wildlife-based products. In addition to end products buyers,
shop-keepers, suppliers and manufacturers are also targeted to be participated
in the awareness programs. The processors are encouraged to harvest and produce
wildlife products in a sustainable manner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Existing legalization
on wildlife can be improved or new legislation can be formed for high-value
products including ivory or rhino horn to control illegal trade.
Militarization’ of nature reserves facilitate to arrests and deter criminal
activities. Highly trained and well equipped anti-poaching units are employed
at the boundary of the forest reserve. The effectiveness of their works can be
enhanced by rewarding them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAR88G_fG5XWGJyowuZPkVVfyl37SM9tYVbUy51V_g86ahj36o60A8mbEbAkQpbRJP8yvN3ylgNsguRomrnr95o86k4RHx-GPN0oIzR2jgnkDbG9Y7QpH0L6rMt-zaD_Q2DEuzsaQry3r/s1600/save+post+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="512" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAR88G_fG5XWGJyowuZPkVVfyl37SM9tYVbUy51V_g86ahj36o60A8mbEbAkQpbRJP8yvN3ylgNsguRomrnr95o86k4RHx-GPN0oIzR2jgnkDbG9Y7QpH0L6rMt-zaD_Q2DEuzsaQry3r/s400/save+post+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Animals are fitted with miniature electronic tags that detect
poaching events and transmit relevant information remotely to anti-poaching
units on the ground. Rhino horn and elephant ivory have been drilled and
injected dyes or poisonous by the Rhino and elephant Rescue Project. This
effort help to deter the poachers and devalue the price of horn and ivory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7cKhusUlNrD5xQsZcY96zL5p0RhL27GpYDlys6endTFhzHd8YxysgKcJuOGtmZk5bI8mtmTSVHLkwIwM5fLoS0whUjFPfdf_LA8UlLCZxG6hnKWiAwXgMihzDGcb30CyQJy0Xge0itKJg/s1600/post+image+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="638" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7cKhusUlNrD5xQsZcY96zL5p0RhL27GpYDlys6endTFhzHd8YxysgKcJuOGtmZk5bI8mtmTSVHLkwIwM5fLoS0whUjFPfdf_LA8UlLCZxG6hnKWiAwXgMihzDGcb30CyQJy0Xge0itKJg/s320/post+image+2.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_0yF30KGUjIutWH2n-NcVJQhM6qlLAF5bwUd8eyL8JtaEW2frhkDSw8RBGk2LNU8P2rNF5BpYXkCPpPV1LUvLrHWC3BVXBc4Thctvxn5uNAgxIQG9RWhbg4Q3I3zhVFfv2hXv_Uhha_Tc/s1600/post+image+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="589" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_0yF30KGUjIutWH2n-NcVJQhM6qlLAF5bwUd8eyL8JtaEW2frhkDSw8RBGk2LNU8P2rNF5BpYXkCPpPV1LUvLrHWC3BVXBc4Thctvxn5uNAgxIQG9RWhbg4Q3I3zhVFfv2hXv_Uhha_Tc/s320/post+image+3.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The government can introduce new income generating ways for
marginal poachers rather than hunting wild animals including tourist guide and
jeep drivers or provide initial funds for self-employments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alternatives can be introduced instead of Illegal wildlife
such as hand woven textiles, beaded work, ceramic and tile art that are
representative of local cultures and customs for</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">souvenir purchases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />

Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures

Impacts of poaching of wild animals Despite its economic potential, illegal wildlife trade has already led to serve environmental problems. …

19 Mar 2018

natural green

Link Author

Title:
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Estimation of Carbon Footprint The carbon footprint is a measure of total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indi...

<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Estimation of Carbon Footprint<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The carbon footprint is <b>a
measure of total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and
indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<br /><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO25tQ3n9sxLM4te7wt1gcfv_cJlysoBgwvrlmq5Xbf8jA28QJoHdWdI4MG7tVogY6o1yt4Gc0k3-kuNZOjxSyiLTgIan_LUPC4D5tvcw3belcl9_s8Y0R2wSK6MxbluegAYd5WbSFnYXa/s1600/sd.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="300" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgO25tQ3n9sxLM4te7wt1gcfv_cJlysoBgwvrlmq5Xbf8jA28QJoHdWdI4MG7tVogY6o1yt4Gc0k3-kuNZOjxSyiLTgIan_LUPC4D5tvcw3belcl9_s8Y0R2wSK6MxbluegAYd5WbSFnYXa/s400/sd.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The
Kyoto Protocol has declared <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>six Greenhouse
Gases(GHGs), including carbon-dioxide (CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span></sub>), methane (CH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">4</span></sub>), nitrous
oxide (N<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span></sub>O),
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">6</span></sub>) in
order to its parties to set targets .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2 </span></sub>is considered
as the largest contributor</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> to greenhouse emission with a contribution
of 60 percent. Although most of organizations and people have paid their
attention towards only CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span></sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
non-CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2 </span></sub>greenhouse
gases collectively contribute around 40% to green house effect.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advantages of carbon
footprint calculation:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The estimation of
carbon footprint requires to identify the sources of emissions from person,
products and organization. It encourages to take appropriate measures to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and design future activities with minimum emissions.
Carbon foot print measurements gives details on the progress after implementing
appropriate measures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint of an organization<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It involves the
measurements of greenhouse gases results from </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">all the activities across the organisation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint of a product<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">It accounts the greenhouse emissions over the whole
life of a product from the raw materials extraction, manufacturing,
distribution, use and final re-use, recycling or disposal.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint
calculation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">   
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selection greenhouse gases: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
depends on the guideline<span style="color: #131313;"> followed, the need<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">of carbon footprint calculation and on the type of activity. The
carbon footprint calculation is mainly focused on the greenhouse gases with
significant emissions and rejected the green house gasses with </span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "TimesTen-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesTen-Roman;">negligible</span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "TimesTen-Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesTen-Roman;"> </span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">   
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setting boundaries</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Organization bounders should be established to cover all the emission
sources under its direct control. Once organization boundaries are established operational
boundary should be selected. It involves the selection of direct and indirect
emissions. Emissions are divided into following tiers or scopes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                              
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">           
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Direct emissions</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Accounts for onsite emissions. Ex: Boilers, generators,
incinerators, refrigerators and transportation within factory <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                            
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">           
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Embodied emissions in
purchasing energy</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Electricity and heat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                         
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">           
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indirect emissions</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Transpiration of raw materials and finish products and
business travel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Both tiers II and III are responsible
for indirect emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The estimation of only tiers I and II are considered as basic or
primary carbon footprint. The estimation of tiers I, II and II are referred to
as full carbon footprint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">   
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Collection of data: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon
footprint is generally estimated for one year period. It is often expressed in
carbon equivalents. Number of units of purchased electricity can be obtained
from electricity bill of each month. Required volume of fossil fuel for onsite
operations can be collected separately from the daily records of the factory. The
share of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases are required to be converted into
carbon equivalents. Then emission factors and models can be used to evaluate
the carbon footprint based on collected data. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Measures to reduce
carbon footprint <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Industry: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Methane
or biomass should be used for boilers to produce steam instead of burning
fossil fuels. The wall of the house should be insulated to keep warm. Natural
ventilation should be used as much as possible rather than air condition or
fans. Sky lights should be installed to harvest sunlight during day time. Low
energy efficient fluorescent bulbs should be replaced by using high energy
efficiency and long lasting LED bulbs. Purchasing electricity which results in
emission of large amount of greenhouse gases should be gradually reduced. The
energy requirements of industry should be gradually shifted into renewable
energy including solar energy and biomass which results in less greenhouse gas
emission. The local raw materials should be purchased instead of importing to
eliminate the carbon emissions due to transportation from other countries. The
required ingredient can be produced within factory rather than purchasing them
from outside buyers. The food residuals from kitchen and left over from dining
room should be used for produce compost to prevent emission of methane from
open dump sites. Refrigerators which are used for cooling should be free of <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</span>. The
energy audits should be conducted to check shorts and fix them. Waste should be
sent for recycling after proper segregation to minimize the continual
production of new raw materials. The waste report should be prepared to
identify wastage as a percentage of initial raw materials and take appropriate
measures to minimize those wastage. Energy efficiency machine should be
selected in the purchasing step. A forest plantation should be maintained to
offset the carbon emission. Thereby it help to neutral carbon emission of the
industry. Recycled or recyclable materials should be used for products and
their packaging to minimize the production of new raw materials. Office
vehicles should be provided for the transportation of the staff and the workers
instead of their own vehicles. The transportation of finish products should be
optimized to use the space in the vehicle more effectively. Portable tap water
should be provided for drinking instead of bottled drinking water which causes
large amount of greenhouse gas emission in filling bottles, production of
plastic bottles, packaging and distribution. Regular awareness programs and
workshops should be conducted for workers in order to reduce their individual
carbon footprint within the industry. Double side of the papers should be used
to avoid the carbon emission related to producing new papers. E-mails can be
used to communicate with clients, buyers and other institution instead of
posting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Individual: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Public
vehicles or office vehicles should be used instead of private vehicles. It is
better to use foot cycle or walking for short driving distances. If people can
become vegetarian or reduce meat consumption, carbon emission related to
raising livestock can be reduced because raising cattle causes more greenhouse
gas emission than growing vegetables and fruits. Raw fruits and vegetables
should be purchased from the market instead of processed foods. Water should be
brought from home rather than regular purchasing of bottled water. Purchasing
unnecessary goods and goods with unnecessary packaging should be avoided.
Products with carbon labels should be bought. If the same products from
different manufactures have been displayed their carbon label, the product with
less carbon footprint should be purchased. Energy effect electric appliances
should be purchased for home. Natural lighting and natural ventilation should
be used as much as possible instead of use of bulbs and air conditions or fans.
Peoples should be shifted gradually from non-renewable energy sources including
fossil fuels into renewable energy sources. Solar panels can be installed on
the roof top to harvest solar energy. Vertical garden or home garden should be
maintained to natural the individual carbon footprint as much as possible. Lunch
should be brought from home or purchased from canteen of the working place or
restaurant near to work place to drive short distances. Household waste should
be carefully handled to avoid biogas emissions results from degradation of
biological fraction of waste. Products with high quality and long lasting life
span should be purchased from the stores to prevent greenhouse gas emissions
related to regular purchasing same product over and over again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />

Estimation of Carbon Footprint The carbon footprint is a measure of total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product. The Kyoto…

17 Mar 2018

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