Chemical leasing

<br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemicals using industries</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture, makeup accessories, lubricants and detergents in beverage industry, cleaning of vessels in the food industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemical leasing</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> is Chemical leasing is a service-oriented business model that shifts the focus from increasing sales volume of chemicals, toward a value-added approach. (UNIDO)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Importance of chemical leasing over traditional approach <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Over consumption of chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lack of proper disposal method or recycling of excess chemicals <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Use of inefficient machines<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impacts of improper disposal of hazardous chemicals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Global warming<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bioaccumulation and bio- magnification along aquatic food chains<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ozone depletion<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Acid rains<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The difference between traditional chemical business model and chemical leasing model<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <br /><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cX3GaAfVg-E/Wr5aW7Pm-RI/AAAAAAAABCA/BU8tkHgCoqYzUvtjPfRvk_nj2LWS3c0jQCLcBGAs/s1600/exmaple%2B0.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="250" data-original-width="735" height="216" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cX3GaAfVg-E/Wr5aW7Pm-RI/AAAAAAAABCA/BU8tkHgCoqYzUvtjPfRvk_nj2LWS3c0jQCLcBGAs/s640/exmaple%2B0.PNG" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Traditional chemical business model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Chemicals are mainly sold to the customers by chemical producers. The payment is based on the volume or tons of chemicals sold. Increasing the sells chemicals or increasing the price of chemicals are the options amiable for the chemical producers to gain a large profit but <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the chemicals producers tend to sell more volume or tons of chemicals in order to enhance their profit due to the competition between chemical producers. The chemicals producers does not bear the responsibility of management of the produced chemicals throughout the entire life cycle of chemicals.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Chemical leasing model</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: The functions performed by the chemical is mainly sold to users and suppliers by the chemical producer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The payment is based on the functional units. The profit is increased with increasing of functional unit per volume or kg of chemicals. Chemical producers has to take the responsibility of management of produced chemicals throughout their entire life cycle including management of the waste.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Examples:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q7ieMeQ9F-Y/Wr5akGJ11cI/AAAAAAAABCE/r_V8D_nx_Cc4ZO-GIKrQSjQxbNeW6TM-QCLcBGAs/s1600/exmaple.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="637" height="338" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q7ieMeQ9F-Y/Wr5akGJ11cI/AAAAAAAABCE/r_V8D_nx_Cc4ZO-GIKrQSjQxbNeW6TM-QCLcBGAs/s640/exmaple.PNG" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The chemical leasing model creates a win-win situation because it gives the benefits for both producers and users. The chemical leasing has designed to achieve efficient use of chemicals and reduce health risks.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It improves the economic and environmental performance of participating companies, and enhances their access to new markets. Proper benefit sharing, high-quality standards and mutual trust between participating companies are considered as the key elements of successful chemical leasing model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Advantages of chemical leasing:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Enhance the efficiency of workers and production process<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce the cost related to transportation and storage<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Significant cost reduction through the reduction of chemical usage<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce hazardous waste generation <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Enhance the work place safety<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Boarder the assess to new markets<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduce the environmental impacts related to production process<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Raise the awareness of employees regarding handling chemicals and health hazardous <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Able to comply with environmental regulations related to waste management <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Case study in Siberia <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos, largest <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">mineral water and beverages producer of Siberia has implemented a successful chemical leasing project for its conveyor belts with the cooperation of its chemical supplier Ecolab in 2009. Lubricants are generally applied to maintain the smooth movement of bottles along the conveyor belts. In earlier, water based lubricants were applied to the conveyor belts.</span></span> Alkyl amines and acetic acid compounds which are corrosive and toxic were mainly used as lubricants. <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Despite the environmental issues regarding high water consumption and high occupational risks, those chemical based lubricants had hazardous properties. Spraying those lubricants to conveyor line made the floor slippery and led to work place accidents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos was able to find an innovative approach to enhance efficiency the production process and ensure the work place safety under the guidance of Cleaner Production Centre in Serbia. The hazardous water based lubricant was substituted by the non- hazardous dried lubricant. The use of dry lubricants lefts the floor dry. Thereby it eliminate the occupational safety risks of employees. Nozzles and automated dosage system were installed to conveyor line. The factory pays the working time of the conveyor belt for the Ecolab rather than <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">paying kg of lubricants. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ecolab has encouraged to optimize the effectiveness of their lubricants because their profit gained from </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Knjaz Milos is increased with the reducing the volume of lubricant for the <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">conveyor belts. The shifting into dry lubricants eliminate the water and chemicals for pretreatment and waste water treatment process, reduce the chemical consumption by 50% and save water. It is also able to reduce the health risk associated with aerosols in working place. The coast saving per convoy line has recorded as EUR 5,700 per year. Although Ecolab sells less volume of lubricants, it gains high profit through their service. Both </span></span>Knjaz Milos and Ecolab <span class="A12"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">were awarded with a Gold for their chemical leasing project at the Global Chemical Leasing Award in June 2012.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /><br />

Chemical leasing

Chemicals using industries : cleaning agents, chemicals in waste water treatment plant, ink in the newspaper, painting the industries, f...

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Water footprint

<br /> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water footprint is the</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we consume.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6rYTAMYm34g/WrzuPnlPW_I/AAAAAAAABBc/qhKT2WFFLN046vsC3pBPNhSpd6vIYAIdQCLcBGAs/s1600/water%2Bfootprint.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="427" data-original-width="939" height="289" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-6rYTAMYm34g/WrzuPnlPW_I/AAAAAAAABBc/qhKT2WFFLN046vsC3pBPNhSpd6vIYAIdQCLcBGAs/s640/water%2Bfootprint.png" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;">Importance of estimation of water footprint</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water has become scarce resource in many region.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The extraction rate of ground water has exceeded the rate of natural replenishing.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water has no equal distribution throughout the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Significant fraction of available water is not suitable for human consumption due to the pollution.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Most of the area of the world do not receive sufficient rain or seasonal rain pattern has been changed as results of global climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Identify the water intensive products, services, behaviors and input into production. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Help to reduce the water consumption or pollution through a production chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manufacturing goods at one place have impacts on water basin anywhere else.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"> <u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The difference between traditional water withdrawal indicator and water footprint<o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The water withdrawal indicator considers the non-consumptive water use too. Non consumptive water use refers the return water flow. The blue water footprint of direct water footprint of a product is considered as the return flow. The water footprint only take consumptive water use into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water withdrawal indicator only measures the blue water footprint component but water footprint involves the measurement of all three components (Blue water footprint, green water footprint and gray water footprint).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Water withdrawal indicator refers to only the direct water use but the water footprint considers both direct and indirect water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The <b>water footprint of a product</b> is the volume of freshwater used to produce the product, measured over the various steps of the production chain. The water use is taken as the measure of the water volumes of consumed of polluted. Water evaporated or incorporated to products is considered as the water consumption. Thereby that water may be no longer able to be used in its original form or reuse readily. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The water footprint of a product is estimated as the volume of fresh water used per unit of product.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The water footprint is often divided into three components. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Green water footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the volume of water consumed from the global green water resources (rainwater stored in the form of soil moisture).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Blue water footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the total volume of freshwater consumed from the global blue water resources (surface water and ground water).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gray water footprint</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: It is the volume of freshwater that is needed to dilute the pollutants load to meet the existing national water quality standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Virtual-water chain<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">    The ‘virtual-water content’ of a product (good or service) is considered as the volume of fresh water used to produce the product, over all steps of the production chain.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kkAdiO0dEkM/WrzuehEp4FI/AAAAAAAABBg/gOzmZw471RMz-y2dsFkmR1Lqblt1LH5_QCLcBGAs/s1600/water%2Bflow.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="776" height="272" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-kkAdiO0dEkM/WrzuehEp4FI/AAAAAAAABBg/gOzmZw471RMz-y2dsFkmR1Lqblt1LH5_QCLcBGAs/s640/water%2Bflow.PNG" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">The water used to produce a product is considered as the virtual water except the water contained in the product. The virtual-water content of a product is significant compare to the real water content of most products. The water use at a particular step is considered as the direct water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a business <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is the measure of total volume of fresh water directly or indirectly incorporated use to run or support a business.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Use of water in the business <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It is incorporated as an ingredient into products or used as a solvent. After production process, raw water is subjected to pollution and released as effluents which threat the wellbeing of the aquatic ecosystems.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Problems associated with mismanagement of waste water<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Disrupt the company reputation<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Pay for the pollution caused by particular industry (Polluter pay principle) to the nearby water systems<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Subject to strict regulatory control if the company does not take appropriate action to manage the incidents regarding sudden failure of the waste water management <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 14.0pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Insufficient availability of freshwater for conducting the operations<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.25in; tab-stops: 78.0pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> Water footprint of a business is comprised of two components including direct water use and indirect water use. Direct water use refers to the operational water print. Indirect water use refers to the supply chain water footprint. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div style="line-height: 90%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">The <b>operational water footprint</b> is the water consumption and pollution related to the operations within the business. The operational water footprints is again divided into two components as operational water footprint directly associated with production of products and overhead operational water footprint. A considerable fraction of water returns to blue water resources after waste water treatment process therefore only consumptive water use of the blue water footprint is considered in the estimation of water footprint of production of products. The overhead</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 90%;"> operational water footprint is </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 90%;">the water consumption and pollution related to general water using activities including water use in bathroom and kitchen, watering the garden and washing the worker’s clothes within the business.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> The <b>supply chain water footprint</b> is </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">the volume of freshwater consumed or polluted to produce all the inputs of production of the business. Thereby water footprint of one business can be overlapped with water footprint of another business through the supply chain. The supply chain water footprint is also again divided into water footprint related to products inputs and overhead supply chain water footprint. Overhead supply-chain water footprint</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 107%;">is the volume of water consumed or polluted due to the materials and energy for general use including cars, trucks, fuels, electricity.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Supply chain water footprint is larger than operational water footprint of many business which does not have own agricultural activities to produce their input since production of feed for animals requires much water than operating the processing industry including cleaning, washing equipment and pollution . The supply chain water footprint is dominated by green water while the operational water footprint is dominated by blue and gray water.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a person<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">The water footprint of a person is the total volume of freshwater consume or polluted to produce all the good and services. According to the recent researches, nearly 4 % of the water footprint of humanity relates to water use at home (Hoekstra and Mekonnen </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">2012</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">). <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Water footprint of a consumer is divided into two components including direct use and indirect use. Direct use refers to the water use at home. It includes the drinking, bathing, cooking and washing at home. Number water units consumed per month is used to calculate the direct water use. The water footprint regarding consumed goods and services is considered as the indirect water use. Multiplication of number unit consumed from each good and services by their respective water footprint is summed to estimate the indirect water use.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reduction of water footprint:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Industry</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: water meters should be installed to monitor the water use. Water audits should be conducted to identify the leaks and fix them as soon as possible. Raw materials with low water footprint should be used for manufacturing goods and services rather than raw materials with intensive water footprint. As an example, sugar cane cultivation requires more water than beet cultivation. Water results from the evaporation from beet can be used for the operations within the sugar manufacturing industries. Thereby it eliminates total water requirements from blue water resources including ground water and surface water. Therefore use of beet as raw materials can reduce the total water footprint along the both operational and supply chain of sugar manufacturing industry. Rain water harvesting system can be installed to store the rain water. These rainwater can be incorporated into boilers, condensers, cleaning the factory floors and flushing the toilets to reduce the use of portable water within the factories. Waste water treatment plant should be constructed or existing waste water treatment plant should be further improved to enhance the quality of the treated water. These treated water can be used for cleaning purposes and boilers of the factories. The pressure of the water distribution system can be reduced to decrease the volume of water delivered for particular purpose. Regular taps should be replaced by sensor taps to prevent leakages. Dual flush system should be installed for the toilets system rather water intensive single flush system. Dual flush system has separate flushing for feces with high water requirement and urine with less water requirement. The volume of the tank of toilet tank can be reduced by using a displacement device such as bottle filled with water.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Personal: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Good and services with large water footprint should be purchased rather than goods and services with small water footprint. Products associated with beef meet requires more water than products associated with chicken meet because the cultivation of feed for cattle often consumes more water. Water saving techniques including sensor taps, faucet aerators, dual flushing systems and rain water harvesting systems can be implemented. The top loading washers can be replaced with less water consuming </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">front-loading clothes washers</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">. Leaks should be identified and fixed. Spills should be avoided as much as possible. Although people can reduce the negative impacts related to direct water use, it is difficult to reduce the negative consequences of indirect water footprint.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br />

Water footprint

•       Water footprint is the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we consume. Importance of e...

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Poaching and trafficking of wild animals

<br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What is poaching and trafficking of wild animals?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br /> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching is the illegal hunting of protected wildlife and violating laws in the area. It concerns both live and dead, specimens and products of wild animals. It has been started in the 1700's in Europe.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">INTERPOL has been estimated that it is the third largest illegal trade after drugs and guns. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>According to the United Nations Environmental programme Year Book 2014, the annual dollar value of illegal wildlife trade is somewhere between $50-$150 billion dollars per year. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Modern wildlife management permits only hunting and fishing of certain species under carefully controlled regulations which can include seasons, time of day, sporting equipment restrictions and other items. Much of this illegal trade is reported from developing countries, which contain most of the world's biodiversity to developed ones which provide the demand. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">According to the recent media reports, photogenic animals including elephants, rhinos, and tigers are the main targeted animals. Many of these animals are critically endangered or have already gone extinct in the wild. As an example, both the Western Black Rhino (Save the Rhino International 2015) and the Northern White Rhino are believed to be extinct in the wild (WWF 2015) as a direct consequence of rhino poaching for their horns. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The poaching and illegal trafficking of animals and or their by-products is not limited to photogenic species.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pangolins are not particularly attractive (Gill 2012) and do not receive much media attention, but are among the most poached mammals in the world for their meat and scales (Sutter 2014).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-g3DS4FP8sBI/WrJ6tcDIyQI/AAAAAAAABA0/yixvPoOGDzUuqCPzOolGVL0mbQEJ49lgwCLcBGAs/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="213" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-g3DS4FP8sBI/WrJ6tcDIyQI/AAAAAAAABA0/yixvPoOGDzUuqCPzOolGVL0mbQEJ49lgwCLcBGAs/s320/1.png" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                    -Pangolin <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Why are animals poaching?<o:p></o:p></span></b><br /> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">World-wise database has recognized that the illegal trade of wildlife has mainly focused on seven sectors as seafood, pets and zoos, food and medicine, art and jewelry, cosmetics and perfume, fashion and furniture.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Flesh and eggs of turtles are illegally consumed. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Most live animals are caught to sell as a pet or showpieces zoos. Western countries prefer wild animals than cats and dogs to keep as pet. Urban communities tend to display these wildlife in their market place including restaurants to attract more customers. Parrots Including macaws, cockatoos and parakeets and orangutans, gibbons and clouded leopards are mostly caught and exchange in global pet trade.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rhino horns, parts of Tigers including its bones, skin, teeth and claws, wild bear bile, Pangolin scales and freshwater turtles and tortoises have highest demand at the global medicine trade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Even though their medicinal values is less, some healers still prefer medicine extracted from animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Bushmeat are highly demanded as a status meal in some country. Flesh of</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tragulus kanchil (Mouse deer) and Ratufa macororura (gaint squaral) are example of few animals being killed for bush meat. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animal body parts are used for ornamental purpose. Big cat skins are kept as a status symbol in luxury home decorations. Ivory and horns of elks and deer had used to show their pride in rich house in Sri Lanka. . Ivory, turtle shells and tiger teethes are craved to jewelry, utensils, religious figurines and trinkets<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kathuri deer is poached to extract kasthuri for perfume production in India. Animals’ far and skins including river otter skins, brown fur seal skins, Pangolin skin, skins of all Asian big cats including tigers, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopards, and Asiatic lions, zebra skin, reptiles skin and bear fur are harvested annually for manufacturing high end products such as shoes, handbags, costumes and other leather products. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Animal body parts are extracted to produce furniture. Ivory and horns of elks are widely used for production of tables. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OaASOOuGr3A/WrJ6g_AOYtI/AAAAAAAABAw/9UNwwDqafNsEFzUCfT4WFlLSmXtIhqaVQCLcBGAs/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="290" data-original-width="694" height="133" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OaASOOuGr3A/WrJ6g_AOYtI/AAAAAAAABAw/9UNwwDqafNsEFzUCfT4WFlLSmXtIhqaVQCLcBGAs/s320/2.png" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                   Piano keys are made of ivory.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Methods used for poaching and trafficking of wild animals<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching and trafficking is the well organized crime in the global trade. Sophisticated as well as conventional techniques are used for illegal killing or catching wild animals. Poachers spray poison to water to kill large number of wild animal at one time. Wire snares are tied to trees in order to choke the animal when they run or walk.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The hakka patas which is a mixture of explosive matters is mainly used to kill elephants targeting their tusks.</span><br /> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K6oEQPnQ_N0/WrJ6eMcd2_I/AAAAAAAABA4/0OZSlpBzt1Ur-_NxCfs4D1pvKTWu3slnQCEwYBhgL/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="611" data-original-width="659" height="296" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-K6oEQPnQ_N0/WrJ6eMcd2_I/AAAAAAAABA4/0OZSlpBzt1Ur-_NxCfs4D1pvKTWu3slnQCEwYBhgL/s320/3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">                                    Tiger was trapped in a wire snare. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With the assistance of dogs, wild animals are chased toward the trap net which are laid over the ground or pitfall. Electrocution is the placement of 230 volts -11KV overhead electrical wires on animal route to kill animals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Poachers tend to set sudden fire during the summer. They try to kill or caught the wild animals which run away to escape form the fire. GPS and low lying helicopters are used to detect the location of targeted wild animals. Then poachers study the animals’ daily routines and plan according to the observations. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Driving factors <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poverty</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Poverty is often recognized as the main driver of the Illegal wildlife trade (Duffy and St John, 2013; Duffy et al, 2016). It has been revealed that higher levels of elephant poaching is being recorded in the areas with serve poverty and the poaching decreases as a results of increasing of food security(CITES Secretariat et al, 2013). Individuals from poor communities would not involve in the poaching of economically valuable species unless wealthier communities forces rapid demand (Duffy and St John’s, 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Role of demand and price</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: The rising income in consumer countries has created a strong demand for wildlife products (Duffy and St John, 2013). Altogether increasing economic and development of infrastructure links between Africa and Asia have been increased the elephant poaching and the illegal international ivory trade from 2006 onwards (Bennett, 2014). Rising prices and increased levels of purchasing high value species has been noted that demand for illegal trade may also be growing (Challender and MacMillan, 2014). Ivory is of high value per unit mass, the hunter potentially receives a highly disproportionate price, equivalent to annual earnings, from the sale of ivory from even a single animal, and prices increase all along the trade chain.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lack of alternative livelihoods, subsistence and income generation</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">: Economic activity or employment opportunities cannot find easily in the most of rural areas in which wildlife is abundant. Illicit wildlife trade including selling of bush meat provides great opportunity for local people with few alternative livelihood options to gain quick cash income (Lindsey et al, 2015).</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In rural Zambia, some hunters are able to earn nearly US$100 from a single expedition and hunters are among the wealthiest community members (Brown, 2007 in Lindsey et al, 2015)</span>.<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">That bush meat was recognized as a cash generating income after agriculture, suggesting that bush meat constituted an important element in the local economy (Loibooki et al., 2002). the rate of hunting and household bush meat consumption decline sharply during the peak time of agricultural activity (Lindsey et al, 2015).</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some people depend on wild meat for their annual protein supply because they cannot afford alternative sources.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In rural areas which are close to wildlife source populations, bush meat is preferred because it is normally cheaper than alternatives.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In urban areas, demand for bush meat is driven by preference for its taste and it is recognized as a way of preserving traditions. (Lindsey et al, 2015; UNOCD, 2016). <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <br /> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level of poaching</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Level of poaching has identified three main types of criminals involved in wildlife trafficking</span> ( <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Zimmerman 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">At the, subsistence Level, a person usually hunts animals for feeding himself and his family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>This individual is often posed by poverty but he can quickly improve to become a commercial poacher. They will often live in the surrounding areas or within the wilderness and well know the terrain, habitat, infrastructure, routines and resident species remarkably. Subsistence poaching is often characterized by low technology including use of traps and snares with a minimal impact on wildlife populations (Mackenzie, 1988; Adams, 2004; Fischer et al. 2013: 264; Adams et al. 2009).But the use of non-selective hunting technologies can be detrimental to species of both conservation concern and critical to nature-based tourism including elephant, lion and wild dog (Becker et al. 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Commercial Poaching involve illegal hunting of animals for bush meat, traditional medicine & narcotic sales. Recently developed subsistence level poacher and traditional physicians fall into this category. Unlike subsistence poachers, professional poachers have well-structured operations and use high technology methods for poaching activities (ESAAMLG, 2016) including firearms, telescopic sights, night vision spotlights, radio communications and vehicles. Some countries especially those with a recent history of conflict, poachers have had military training (ESAAMLG, 2016).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Syndicate Poaching is sophisticated organized crime, well-funded, well networked and internationally orchestrated. They always operate in large groups with minimum 5 members. They are exceedingly well equipped with light aircraft, helicopters, assault rifles, explosives, night vision optics, vehicles, (encrypted) radio communication, dart guns and camouflage clothing. They are professionals, frequently with a military or Para-military background and training. They are target Selective, with species including black & white rhino, elephant, lion and leopard.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Current situation of poaching and tracking in the world<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Illegal trade of wild animals has been identified as organized crime at global scale. It severely affect the ecosystem balance and it also hinders social and economic development in many communities (Warchol 2004; Sollund 2011 The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network(TRAFFIC) has already recognized<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>places where wildlife trade is particularly threatening called “wildlife trade hotspots.” including China’s international borders, trade hubs in East/Southern Africa and South-east Asia, the eastern borders of the European Union, some markets in Mexico, parts of the Caribbean, parts of Indonesia and New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>World Wildlife Seizure database (World WISE) which was assembled according to the annual and biennial reports of CITES parties currently contains over 164,000 seizures from 120 countries by the end of October 2015.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pie chart- Share of total seizure incidents in World WISE by region, aggregated 2005-2014<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Although African countries, India and Sri Lanka often act as source country in the illegal trade, they accounts <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a small fraction of World WISE database because most of their countries have never been submitted a Biennial report to CITES.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>The World WISE database is still under development and there are remaining gaps in its geographic and temporal coverage. CITES has been recorded that actual number of animals being killed cannot estimated after transportation because wildlife is often processed before shipments. Therefore actual condition of poaching and tracking may be more worsen than the recorded seizures. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pie chart- Share of taxonomic class among total aggregated seizures in World WISE by region, aggregated 1999-2015(source-world wise)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Nearly 7,000 species have been seized, including mammals, reptiles, corals, birds and fish. No single species accounts for more than 6% of the seizure incidents.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Every country in the world plays a role as a source, transit or destination in the wildlife crime and no single country is responsible as the source of more than 15% of the total number of seized shipments captured in the database. Suspected traffickers belongs 80 nationalities, proving that wildlife crime is truly a global issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Illegal Birds trade is most strongly associated with Central and South America, mammals with Africa and Asia, reptiles with Europe and North America; and corals with Oceania. Some species and regions are more affected than others due to the limited availability and higher demand. Scale of the seizures are ranging several container loads of illegal wildlife to a single item in the hand baggage of a tourist.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Some markets make use of multiple species, while some species go for multiple distinct markets. As an example the illegal exotic leathers trade is feeding by a range of reptiles including various species of python, crocodile and lizard poached for their skins. At the same time, pythons are illegally hunted not only for their skins, but their meat is eaten, they are kept as pets and their gallbladders are used as an ingredient in the traditional medicine. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">With regard to trafficking, some criminal groups are involved in smuggling multiple species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>Ivory, rhino horn, and pangolin scales are often detected in the same shipment on multiple occasions. Most seizures in World WISE database have been transported by the shipments of a single species. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The regulations related to illegal trade also vary with the countries. Most countries allow for the sale of antique ivory including pianos with ivory keys those belong to the elephants killed before the formulations of international convention. There are also countries where dealing in freshly-taken ivory is allowed, including countries where elephants naturally range. But the contribution of these legal markets is seems to be insignificant compare to the illegal market for decline of the wildlife. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The traffickers can broaden their access to a new groups of buyers through the introduction of illegal products into legal markets because buyers are not well aware whether the commodities are legal origin or not. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">A significant amount of wildlife trafficking is reportedly dependent upon the Internet (Williamson 2004; IFAW 2005, 2012; WU 2007; Troiano 2011; Interpol 2013)c.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The Internet has boosted wildlife trafficking in a substantial way by lowering the barriers to entry into criminal markets and opening the way for new criminal actors (Anita Lavorgna, 2014).In most cases, Internet-mediated wildlife trafficking is connected with legal markets. On the one hand, criminals can expand their illegal wildlife trade under the coverage of legitimate companies on internet. Many legitimate traders in wildlife and pets tend to increase their profit embracing criminal opportunities in the online as it appears an easy and safe way to earn more money. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wildlife trafficking has been recognized as an increasing threat to national and global security(IFAW 2008) due to the use<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>of its profit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>for the terrorism and guerrilla insurgency (IFAW 2008; Dalberg 2012).As an example, African terrorist groups are making large sums of money by poaching elephants for their ivory in the areas they control.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Poaching in Asia<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Wildlife trade within Asia is also regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) .More than million animals (0.3 million butterflies; 16.0 million seahorses; 0.1 million other fish, 17.4 million reptiles; 0.4 million mammals, 1.0 million birds) were exported within the period of 1998-2000 and 30 million (*300 species) of them were being wild-caught. In addition 18 million pieces and 2 million kg of live corals were exported. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia and China have been revealed as the major exporters of wild-caught animals and the European Union and Japan are the most significant importers (Vincent Nijman, 2009). Over this period exports in birds has been significantly decreased, trade in the other taxa either increased or remained stable. Butterflies represent the vast majority of individuals of the wild-caught animals. Records of illegal or undeclared international trade can be significantly larger than levels of official exports.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Recently McNeely et al. (2009) identified<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Most of the countries in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Asia are going through a transitional period<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>because economic development is spreading quickly in many countries (most notably the substantial investments in infrastructure in India and China) with expanding cities and it has been driven towards <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an increasing trend of unsustainable<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>trade of wild animals. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Countries in Southeast Asia including China’s international borders and parts of Indonesia have been identified as a ‘wildlife trade hotspots’ where wildlife trade poses a disproportional large threat (Davies 2005; TRAFFIC 2008; see also Sodhi et al. 2004).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While most wildlife is traded locally or within the political borders of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>countries, there is a large volume of wildlife that is traded internationally (Green and Shirley 1999; Wood 2001).Trade in CITES-listed species of wildlife from Asia involved millions of animals annually, with the majority of animals being derived from the wild.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For most taxa there is no or limited data available on what level of extraction is biologically sustainable, and it is difficult to draw conclusions on the impact that high levels of trade may have on wild populations<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Numerous studies have concluded that regulation of wildlife trade laws within Asia in relation to international or domestic trade are insufficient (van Dijk et al. 2000; Nooren and Claridge 2001) and there is an urgent need for initiatives to make regulatory mechanisms more effective.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br />

Poaching and trafficking of wild animals

What is poaching and trafficking of wild animals? Poaching is the illegal hunting of protected wildlife and violating laws in the ar...

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Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures

<br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impacts of poaching of wild animals<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Despite its economic potential, illegal wildlife trade has already led to serve environmental problems<b>.                                                                                                    </b></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reproduction</span></b></div> <br /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching distrusts the reproductive behavior and population health of animals. T As illegal hunting selectively removed older animals with large tusks</span>,<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> the genetic diversity in the elephant population dramatically decline. For females, the loss of strong partners may decrease female fitness, which may influence population growth rates. Only some Asian males have tusks while both sexes are tusk bearing in African elephants. Therefore the selective removal of Asian tusk bearing male elephants supports to establish a tusk- less elephants population in the near future. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Extinction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching is the second-biggest direct threat to species survival, after habitat destruction and is directly related to significant population losses for many species (Schneider 2012).Populations of species on earth declined by an average 40% between 1970 and 2000. Large-bodied animals are more susceptible local extinction by hunting. Because hunters prefer to kill large animals to gain large amount of meat and those are animals with the most valuable horns, antlers and tusks than small animals. Thus, the hunters are able to earn much money per unit of time and cost expended for large animals. Large species are rare compared to smaller ones because they reproduce slowly. Thus, they are especially vulnerable to overhunting and have limited capacity to recover from population declines.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ecosystem unbalance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching has been posed threat to the ecosystem balance. Asian elephant is a keystone species that has a particularly large effect on an environment relative to its abundance.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching of keystone predator species encourages the uncontrolled growth of pray species which results in dramatically increasing of grazing intensity to the point where forest regeneration can be totally prevented. Eventually the forested land is converted to desert.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overhunting of keystone species brings dramatic population shifts which could result in very negative consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Incidental killing of non-target species<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Incidental killing of animals also happens on land when crude traps are set (for example for musk deer or duikers. These cause damage and death to a variety of animals besides the intended ones.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introducing invasive species<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introducing invasive species which prey on, or compete with, native species posing threat to the balance of nature as the direct overexploitation of some species by humans.   American Mink and the Red-eared Terrapin are the examples for animals become invasive after introduction from their native habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transmission of diseases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Human interactions with nonhuman primates including cultural engagements, meat consumption and pet ownership to tourist encounters provide opportunities for the exchange of pathogenic organisms (both zoonoses and anthroponoses).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prevention of poaching and trafficking<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Several anti-poaching measures have been attempted successfully over the years.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public education is one of more powerful tool to encourage buyers to make informed choices when they are buying wildlife-based products. In addition to end products buyers, shop-keepers, suppliers and manufacturers are also targeted to be participated in the awareness programs. The processors are encouraged to harvest and produce wildlife products in a sustainable manner.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Existing legalization on wildlife can be improved or new legislation can be formed for high-value products including ivory or rhino horn to control illegal trade. Militarization’ of nature reserves facilitate to arrests and deter criminal activities. Highly trained and well equipped anti-poaching units are employed at the boundary of the forest reserve. The effectiveness of their works can be enhanced by rewarding them.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AC_eLvtyX7Y/Wq-xZgMTecI/AAAAAAAABAA/GW178G-MW-UnzTXesWr2YFVSfZOgZz8FACLcBGAs/s1600/save%2Bpost%2B1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="512" height="263" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-AC_eLvtyX7Y/Wq-xZgMTecI/AAAAAAAABAA/GW178G-MW-UnzTXesWr2YFVSfZOgZz8FACLcBGAs/s400/save%2Bpost%2B1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Animals are fitted with miniature electronic tags that detect poaching events and transmit relevant information remotely to anti-poaching units on the ground. Rhino horn and elephant ivory have been drilled and injected dyes or poisonous by the Rhino and elephant Rescue Project. This effort help to deter the poachers and devalue the price of horn and ivory.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-om0O9ai7WeI/Wq-xknYUgWI/AAAAAAAABAE/qp-6XcCu42or-7ypybmUhlsJpOkef_mmACLcBGAs/s1600/post%2Bimage%2B2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="484" data-original-width="638" height="242" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-om0O9ai7WeI/Wq-xknYUgWI/AAAAAAAABAE/qp-6XcCu42or-7ypybmUhlsJpOkef_mmACLcBGAs/s320/post%2Bimage%2B2.png" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-J8H6nPJ9Gbc/Wq-xkwwqvDI/AAAAAAAABAI/QsRVllbqt8IK51AvxXk4YZrrczaWVucywCLcBGAs/s1600/post%2Bimage%2B3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="489" data-original-width="589" height="265" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-J8H6nPJ9Gbc/Wq-xkwwqvDI/AAAAAAAABAI/QsRVllbqt8IK51AvxXk4YZrrczaWVucywCLcBGAs/s320/post%2Bimage%2B3.png" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The government can introduce new income generating ways for marginal poachers rather than hunting wild animals including tourist guide and jeep drivers or provide initial funds for self-employments.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alternatives can be introduced instead of Illegal wildlife such as hand woven textiles, beaded work, ceramic and tile art that are representative of local cultures and customs for</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">souvenir purchases.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <br /> <br />

Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures

Impacts of poaching of wild animals Despite its economic potential, illegal wildlife trade has already led to serve environmental pr...

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<br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Estimation of Carbon Footprint<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The carbon footprint is <b>a measure of total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <br /><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bGnkSsbfhw0/Wq3aOaui7nI/AAAAAAAAA_c/rtQlIVJCe7YJQlfV1do-T1mpmOj2jsF1gCLcBGAs/s1600/sd.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="142" data-original-width="300" height="188" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bGnkSsbfhw0/Wq3aOaui7nI/AAAAAAAAA_c/rtQlIVJCe7YJQlfV1do-T1mpmOj2jsF1gCLcBGAs/s400/sd.png" width="400" /></a></div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Kyoto Protocol has declared <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>six Greenhouse Gases(GHGs), including carbon-dioxide (CO_{<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span>}), methane (CH_{<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">4</span>}), nitrous oxide (N_{<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span>}O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF_{<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">6</span>}) in order to its parties to set targets .<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="Default"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">CO_{<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2 </span>}is considered as the largest contributor</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> to greenhouse emission with a contribution of 60 percent. Although most of organizations and people have paid their attention towards only CO_{<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span>}</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the non-CO_{<span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2 </span>}greenhouse gases collectively contribute around 40% to green house effect.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advantages of carbon footprint calculation:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The estimation of carbon footprint requires to identify the sources of emissions from person, products and organization. It encourages to take appropriate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and design future activities with minimum emissions. Carbon foot print measurements gives details on the progress after implementing appropriate measures.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint of an organization<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It involves the measurements of greenhouse gases results from </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">all the activities across the organisation.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint of a product<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt;"> <span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">It accounts the greenhouse emissions over the whole life of a product from the raw materials extraction, manufacturing, distribution, use and final re-use, recycling or disposal.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint calculation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selection greenhouse gases: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It depends on the guideline<span style="color: #131313;"> followed, the need<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">of carbon footprint calculation and on the type of activity. The carbon footprint calculation is mainly focused on the greenhouse gases with significant emissions and rejected the green house gasses with </span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "TimesTen-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesTen-Roman;">negligible</span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "TimesTen-Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesTen-Roman;"> </span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emission.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 3.75pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setting boundaries</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Organization bounders should be established to cover all the emission sources under its direct control. Once organization boundaries are established operational boundary should be selected. It involves the selection of direct and indirect emissions. Emissions are divided into following tiers or scopes. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                               </span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Direct emissions</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Accounts for onsite emissions. Ex: Boilers, generators, incinerators, refrigerators and transportation within factory <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                             </span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Embodied emissions in purchasing energy</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Electricity and heat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                          </span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">            </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indirect emissions</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Transpiration of raw materials and finish products and business travel<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Both tiers II and III are responsible for indirect emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The estimation of only tiers I and II are considered as basic or primary carbon footprint. The estimation of tiers I, II and II are referred to as full carbon footprint.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Collection of data: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint is generally estimated for one year period. It is often expressed in carbon equivalents. Number of units of purchased electricity can be obtained from electricity bill of each month. Required volume of fossil fuel for onsite operations can be collected separately from the daily records of the factory. The share of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases are required to be converted into carbon equivalents. Then emission factors and models can be used to evaluate the carbon footprint based on collected data. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Measures to reduce carbon footprint <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Industry: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Methane or biomass should be used for boilers to produce steam instead of burning fossil fuels. The wall of the house should be insulated to keep warm. Natural ventilation should be used as much as possible rather than air condition or fans. Sky lights should be installed to harvest sunlight during day time. Low energy efficient fluorescent bulbs should be replaced by using high energy efficiency and long lasting LED bulbs. Purchasing electricity which results in emission of large amount of greenhouse gases should be gradually reduced. The energy requirements of industry should be gradually shifted into renewable energy including solar energy and biomass which results in less greenhouse gas emission. The local raw materials should be purchased instead of importing to eliminate the carbon emissions due to transportation from other countries. The required ingredient can be produced within factory rather than purchasing them from outside buyers. The food residuals from kitchen and left over from dining room should be used for produce compost to prevent emission of methane from open dump sites. Refrigerators which are used for cooling should be free of <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</span>. The energy audits should be conducted to check shorts and fix them. Waste should be sent for recycling after proper segregation to minimize the continual production of new raw materials. The waste report should be prepared to identify wastage as a percentage of initial raw materials and take appropriate measures to minimize those wastage. Energy efficiency machine should be selected in the purchasing step. A forest plantation should be maintained to offset the carbon emission. Thereby it help to neutral carbon emission of the industry. Recycled or recyclable materials should be used for products and their packaging to minimize the production of new raw materials. Office vehicles should be provided for the transportation of the staff and the workers instead of their own vehicles. The transportation of finish products should be optimized to use the space in the vehicle more effectively. Portable tap water should be provided for drinking instead of bottled drinking water which causes large amount of greenhouse gas emission in filling bottles, production of plastic bottles, packaging and distribution. Regular awareness programs and workshops should be conducted for workers in order to reduce their individual carbon footprint within the industry. Double side of the papers should be used to avoid the carbon emission related to producing new papers. E-mails can be used to communicate with clients, buyers and other institution instead of posting.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"> <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Individual: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Public vehicles or office vehicles should be used instead of private vehicles. It is better to use foot cycle or walking for short driving distances. If people can become vegetarian or reduce meat consumption, carbon emission related to raising livestock can be reduced because raising cattle causes more greenhouse gas emission than growing vegetables and fruits. Raw fruits and vegetables should be purchased from the market instead of processed foods. Water should be brought from home rather than regular purchasing of bottled water. Purchasing unnecessary goods and goods with unnecessary packaging should be avoided. Products with carbon labels should be bought. If the same products from different manufactures have been displayed their carbon label, the product with less carbon footprint should be purchased. Energy effect electric appliances should be purchased for home. Natural lighting and natural ventilation should be used as much as possible instead of use of bulbs and air conditions or fans. Peoples should be shifted gradually from non-renewable energy sources including fossil fuels into renewable energy sources. Solar panels can be installed on the roof top to harvest solar energy. Vertical garden or home garden should be maintained to natural the individual carbon footprint as much as possible. Lunch should be brought from home or purchased from canteen of the working place or restaurant near to work place to drive short distances. Household waste should be carefully handled to avoid biogas emissions results from degradation of biological fraction of waste. Products with high quality and long lasting life span should be purchased from the stores to prevent greenhouse gas emissions related to regular purchasing same product over and over again.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br />

Estimation of Carbon Footprint The carbon footprint is a measure of total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indi...

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