Archive for July 2015

Soil water potential

natural green

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Title: Soil water potential
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Soil water potential is the energy state of water. Potential of pure water is zero because pure water is not exerted any extra forces. ...

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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil water potential is the energy state of water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Potential of
pure water is zero because pure water is not exerted any extra forces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil water
has negative water potential.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Water
usually flows from less water potential to more water potential.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">¥T= ¥g + ¥m + ¥o<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">¥t-Total water potential<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">¥g- Gravitational potential<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">¥m-Matric potential<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">¥o-Osmatric potential<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">¥o- Concentration
difference of solutions which are separated by semi-membrane is causes for matric
potential. The solution has high concentration means that the water potential of the
solution is relatively low. The solution has low concentration means that the water
potential of the solution is relatively high therefore water moves from solution
which has a low concentration to the solution which has a high concentration. Water
moves until occurring of equilibrium between both sides of the cell membrane.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ym- Osmatric
potential is the result of both capillary forces and adsorptive forces. The capillary force causes the formation of a gas-liquid interface. Adsorptive forces
between soil and water surface are occurred due to the extension of wander Waals
forces by the cohesive of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yg-The force
of gravity which is exerted from the vertical side is pulled from the water towards
gravity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Soil water potential

Soil water potential is the energy state of water. Potential of pure water is zero because pure water is not exerted any extra forces. ...

(6) Permeability

natural green

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Title: (6) Permeability
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Soil permeability is the ease with which air, water, or plant roots penetrate or pass through the soil. The size of p...

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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                     Soil permeability is the
ease with which air, water, or plant roots penetrate or pass through the soil.</span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The size of pore space and
interconnectivity of the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">spaces help
determine permeability, so the shape and arrangement of grains play a role.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">                <u>Permeability for soils<o:p></o:p></u></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Type of grain                                          </span></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Permeability(cm/s)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Well sorted gravel                                 </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">102 to 1</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">silt sands, fine
sands                             </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">10-5 to 10-3</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">silt, sandy silts,
clayey sands, till         </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">10-6 to 10-4</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Clay                                                          </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">10-9 to 10-6</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Although sandy soils
have lower porosity than clay soils, sandy soils have relatively larger
permeability than clay because pores in clay are not connected together very
well.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The most rapid water
and air movement is in sands because sand soils have relatively larger pores
and loose aggregated structure.</span></div>
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(6) Permeability

Soil permeability is the ease with which air, water, or plant roots penetrate or pass through the soil. The size of p...

Soil strength

natural green

Link Author

Title: Soil strength
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Soil strength is defined as the amount of force required to move or rearrange soil particles. 7.1 Factors affecting soil strength ...

<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil strength is
defined as the amount of force required to move or rearrange soil particles.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
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<h3>
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.1</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></u><u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Factors
affecting soil strength<o:p></o:p></span></u></h3>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<h4>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">(1) </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Moisture conten</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">t</span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                   When soils are saturated or waterlogged,
soils are relatively weaker, therefore, soils can be easily broken down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                   Soils
cannot be easily broken down because of dry conditions. Therefore these soils
are more strength.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<h4>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(2) Bulk density</span></h4>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                   When
soils have low bulk density, these soils can be easily broken down because
these soils consist of relatively more pores so mass per unit volume is
relatively low. Therefore soil can be easily broken down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                  Soils
cannot be easily broken down because when the soil has a high bulk density that’s
mean, the soil has relatively lower pores so mass per unit volume is relatively
high.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h4>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(3) Structure</span></h4>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                When
soils are well aggregated like clay soils, the soils have relatively larger
strength. Sands, sandy loams and loamy sands have relatively smaller strength
because these soils aren’t well aggregated. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                 </span><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.2 <u>Importance of soil
strength <o:p></o:p></u></span></h3>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u><br /></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                               1)
Germination of seeds<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                               2)
Plant growth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                   Good aeration and well-drained of
soils are essential for the germination of seeds and the growth of plants.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 20pt;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">        </span><span style="font-size: 20pt;">7.3 </span><u style="font-size: 20pt;">Human
effects on soil strength</u></h3>
</div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                  Soil management practices for
agriculture are affected by soil strength badly. Compacted soil horizons called
Ap or E are formed due to the using of heavy machines for tillage practices.
Compacted soils have usually higher strength, therefore, the growth of plants and The germination of seeds is restricted.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 20pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 18.6667px; text-indent: 0.5in;">          </span><span style="font-size: 20pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">7.4 </span><u style="font-size: 20pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Measuring
of soil strength penetrometers</u></h3>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                Penetrometers are used to
measure soil strength. A rod is entered into the soil by inserting force
that the required force is used to measure the soil strength.  Therefore we can recognize the affection of
compaction soils to the growth of plant and germination of seeds by resistance to the exert of a rod into the soil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Soil strength

Soil strength is defined as the amount of force required to move or rearrange soil particles. 7.1 Factors affecting soil strength ...

Soil porosity

natural green

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Title: Soil porosity
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Soil porosity is the total amount of pore spaces that are not occupied by solid particles. The shape and arrangeme...

<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                          Soil porosity is the total amount of pore spaces that are not occupied by solid particles. The
shape and arrangement of soil particles help determine porosity. Sand has a relatively
lower porosity than silt and clay.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Porosity Ranges for soil particles </span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Type of soil              </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Porosity%</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
 <tbody>
<tr>
  <td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 9.0pt; padding-right: 9.0pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                 well sorted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                         sand or <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 26.6666660308838px; line-height: 30.6666660308838px;">gravel</span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">            </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">25-50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
 <tbody>
<tr>
  <td align="left" style="padding-bottom: 0in; padding-left: 9.0pt; padding-right: 9.0pt; padding-top: 0in;" valign="top"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                Sand mixed with gravel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
        <span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">20-35</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Silt                                </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">35-50</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Clay                               33-60</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                   Although clay particles have
smaller pores than sands clay have relatively larger soil particles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                  <span style="color: red;">Therefore
the diameter size of the grain does not affect the porosity <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                   </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Because sandy soils are not well aggregated together so
sandy soils have relatively less amount of lager size pores. Therefore sandy
soils have relatively lower porosity. Clay soils are well aggregated together
by binding agents and also have macrospores between aggregates and microspores
within aggregates. Therefore clay soils have relatively larger porosity.</span><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Soil porosity

Soil porosity is the total amount of pore spaces that are not occupied by solid particles. The shape and arrangeme...

Nitrogen in soil

natural green

Link Author

Title: Nitrogen in soil
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Forms of nitrogen in the soil Nitrogen is another important property in the soil. It is one of the primary nutrients that is ...

<u>

<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Forms of nitrogen in the soil</span></u><br />
<br />
    <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Nitrogen is another important
property in the soil. It is one of the primary nutrients that is essential to living,
grow and reproduce for plants. Nitrogen in soil has two forms as organic
nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 102.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                      Most of the nitrogen in the soil is found in organic
material in the soil. The organism in the soil like plants, animals, and microorganism
has lots of compounds that are rich in organic matter. Their wastes and dead
bodies are accumulated in the soil. Organic nitrogen can be found in amino acid
(20-50%), hexamine (5-10%) and amino sugar (1%) in their cells. This nitrogen is
available for plants only after decomposition by soil microorganisms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 102.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 
                  Inorganic
nitrogen is accumulated in soil by fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil
microorganisms in the soil. The small amount of inorganic nitrogen is produced during
thunderstorms by lighting as NO-</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These
NO-</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> are reached to the soil by dissolving in
precipitation as nitric acid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 102.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 102.7pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The soil nitrogen cycle</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 102.7pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 102.7pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 102.7pt;">
<u><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 141.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Degradation of the organic matter
will result in the release of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, a process called mineralization.
Inorganic nitrogen is added to soil after fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and
organic nitrogen by soil microorganisms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 141.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                                   Mineralization
of nitrogen can be divided into two chemical reactions. They are ammonification
and ammonium hydrolysis.        Ammonification
is a transformation of organic nitrogen to ammonia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 141.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">R−NH2+H2O→NH3+R−OH+energy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 141.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ammonium hydrolysis is a transformation
of ammonia to ammonium by reacting with water molecules. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 141.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NH3+H2O→NH4++OH−<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 141.1pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                                Ammonium is
rapidly converted into nitrate at a high concentration of oxygen called nitrification.</span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ammonium is unstable under
aerobic conditions. Nitrification is also divided into two chemical reactions.</span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ammonium is transformed into
nitrite in the first step. Nitrosomonas are one of the transforming bacteria of
ammonium to nitrate under aerobic conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                2NH4++3O2
→2NO-2 +2H2O+4H+<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oxidation of nitrite is transformed
into nitrate by Nitrobacter under the aerobic condition at the second step.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2NO2− +O2 →2NO3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 102.7pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 48.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NO-3 is relatively highly soluble in
water that can be absorbed by roots of plants more easily.NO-3 can be easily
leached through the soil due to the solubility. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Nitrogen in soil

Forms of nitrogen in the soil Nitrogen is another important property in the soil. It is one of the primary nutrients that is ...

Soil Structure and Importance

natural green

Link Author

Title: Soil Structure and Importance
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Soil structure Soil structure is an arrangement of soil particles (sand, silt, clay) into lar...

<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;">                 Soil structure</span><span style="background: black; border: 1pt none black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"> </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 115%;">                 </span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil structure is an arrangement of soil particles (sand, silt, clay) into large units
called aggregates. Soils are aggregated together by binding agents such as
organic matter, clay, caco3, iron oxides and biological factors such as hyphae.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                   Naturally formed aggregate
are called peds. Aggregates are also formed artificially during plowing or
digging. They are called clouds.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                  Peds are considered as the
soil structural unit. Peds has a distinct shape. There are well-defined planes of
weakness between the aggregates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                  Soil structure is created by
combing several peds together.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                       Different types of peds
can be found in soil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                     </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                        </span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Aggregation
of soils<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil particles may be present either as single individual grains
or as aggregate. When a group of particles bound together into granules or
compound particles. These granules or compound particles are known as secondary
particles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                        </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A majority of particles in a sandy or silt soil are present
as single individual grains while in clayey soil they are present in granulated
condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                     The
individual particles are usually solid, while the aggregates are not solid but
they possess a porous or spongy character.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sand consists of only macrospores which are between
aggregates but clay soils have macrospores between aggregates and microspores
within the aggregates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Degree of water movement </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQGwwKYe4B5CppErgPmf8mzlLH5BpI0k_0C0mTc2qPF_JVbiFnPsLO3Ljl1p-_khw6C-relPvmpERUIfUsh1MZ5wrwGVeYmWXUljnwvyLB6srB7Ea5LtJwO4ZtKYIoD-Q5MYX5aaLy0Rl0/s1600/water.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQGwwKYe4B5CppErgPmf8mzlLH5BpI0k_0C0mTc2qPF_JVbiFnPsLO3Ljl1p-_khw6C-relPvmpERUIfUsh1MZ5wrwGVeYmWXUljnwvyLB6srB7Ea5LtJwO4ZtKYIoD-Q5MYX5aaLy0Rl0/s320/water.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">   Soil structure affects water movement. Soil structure
affects how quickly water moves through the soil. Water moves quickly through soils
with many small grains. Soil with larger aggregates in the form of blocks or prismatic
have moderate drainage.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Single grain,
Granular >Blocky, Prismatic>Platy, massive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">              <u>Factors affecting soil structure<o:p></o:p></u></span><br />
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u>
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">    1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kind of clay (With increasing of
amount of clay, soil particles are well aggregated.) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">

</span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">    2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amount of organic matter(When soil
has a high amount of organic matter, soils are well-bounded together and
increase pore spaces )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZHQ0Wf7S9GTn_x47rLk_PkdUWruxqRcbc6xs27Q2fuKFTS5vfzSsBS8R7uSYtx4HklQTyMfxB3ltmtMG9DOdLgFLCt-3pcZXpNgMoMu0RGz2v17iYpJxbPFOlNupTv09ZL0XwpnBhzrNF/s1600/factors.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZHQ0Wf7S9GTn_x47rLk_PkdUWruxqRcbc6xs27Q2fuKFTS5vfzSsBS8R7uSYtx4HklQTyMfxB3ltmtMG9DOdLgFLCt-3pcZXpNgMoMu0RGz2v17iYpJxbPFOlNupTv09ZL0XwpnBhzrNF/s1600/factors.gif" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">   1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Freezing and thawing (Freezing and
thawing effects on soil formation. When parent material is frozen and thawed
regularly, new minerals are formed therefore soil profile is developed) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">    2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wetting and drying (With wetting of
soil, soils are relatively well aggregated. With the drying of soil, soils are
relatively less aggregated)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">    3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The action of burrowing organisms (Soil the structure is always changed with burrowing animals. They mix soils. Lower
layers are taken onto the surface. Soils are well aerated because soils are opened
to the external environment. Stability of soil aggregates is also increased)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Growth of root systems of plants (With
the growth of roots systems of the plant, soil particles are bonded together very
strongly) <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv8piedMr6YY79O-hvNqLTlqpPVhVpSOYXYQoz_oEpgCjhrHfW2_7tDagjF7idgpIvub2sm-CLUMDuNxqjOIF8mV2QuBTo-gpoHKH7LouE3yGDxmjpfGkCaGPIj696wXFIOLZJokLCxvjB/s1600/strucher.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv8piedMr6YY79O-hvNqLTlqpPVhVpSOYXYQoz_oEpgCjhrHfW2_7tDagjF7idgpIvub2sm-CLUMDuNxqjOIF8mV2QuBTo-gpoHKH7LouE3yGDxmjpfGkCaGPIj696wXFIOLZJokLCxvjB/s320/strucher.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Importance of Soil Structure<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Influences
many important soil properties:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">infiltration rate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">water retention<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">aeration                             amount of
pores  are affected <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">drainage                           <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">               5)  Germination of seeds-When soil has relatively
loose soil structure and a considerable amount of pores which are contained the optimum level of water and air, it is very suitable for germination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">               6) Soil
erosion-When stability of soil aggregates are relatively weaker, soil particles
are tended to detach from the surface.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">    Stable soil aggregation is a very valuable
property of productive soil. Yet, the stability of soil aggregation is very
reliant on the type of minerals present in the soil. Certain clay minerals form
very stable aggregates, while other clay minerals form weak aggregates that
fall apart very easily.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Highly
weathered silicate clay, oxides, and amorphous volcanic materials tend to form
the most stable aggregates. The presence of organic matter with these materials
improves stable aggregate formation. In nutrient management, aggregate
stability is important because well-aggregated minerals are well-drained and
quite workable.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">In contrast,
less weathered silicate clay, such as montmorillonite, form weak aggregates.
Some silicate clay is said to have shrinks well potential. This means that
the soil minerals expand or swell, when wet, causing the soil to become sticky
and drain poorly</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">      </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">    </span></div>
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Soil Structure and Importance

Soil structure Soil structure is an arrangement of soil particles (sand, silt, clay) into lar...

Physical properties

natural green

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Title: Physical properties
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Soil color Soil color can be determined more easily by our eyes. We can recognize important factors of soil environment by ...

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<span style="color: #38761d; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">      <span style="font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Soil color</span></span><span style="color: #93c47d; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">

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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.6in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil color can be determined more easily by our eyes. We can
recognize important factors of soil environment by using soil color as an
indicator.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnz1ewpT9zx5_C7GWB6YUFd1aTj2fZsChgr4HL1XfYs6PWzx-lAniirRjlJ2M_bsW742Dz23_sRvdMl4ifmI4PVxJsxRci6lt_x1hMVWtLSvfOw2AdQoz1cQOO6PLr4wFGjwJR5COl1GOS/s1600/sandsiltsalt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnz1ewpT9zx5_C7GWB6YUFd1aTj2fZsChgr4HL1XfYs6PWzx-lAniirRjlJ2M_bsW742Dz23_sRvdMl4ifmI4PVxJsxRci6lt_x1hMVWtLSvfOw2AdQoz1cQOO6PLr4wFGjwJR5COl1GOS/s320/sandsiltsalt.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil color
is also affected by different factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">(1) <u>Parent
material<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">          </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Chemical The composition of parent material influences the color of the soil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ex: When the parent material consists of relatively more sand particles or it has a light
color, it forms light color soil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">(2) <u>Organic
matter<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;">          </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">The amount and state of organic matter also affect soil color.
Before decomposition of organic matter, it shows brown color. After
decomposition, the organic matter becomes hums, it shows black color.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0in;">(3)</span><u style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The nature and abundance of iron</span></u></div>
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<u style="text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">  </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Iron
oxide in the soil is affected by soil color. 
Iron oxide in the soil is influenced by the amount of moisture and air in the soil.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ex: When the soil has average moisture and air, the soil consists of yellow color iron oxide
therefore soil shows a yellow color.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     When soil is well drained or under dry
conditions, the soil consists of red color oxides, therefore soil shows red color.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">     When soil is lack of air by logging of
water, the soil consists of grey or blushing grey color oxides, therefore, soil shows A grey color or blushing color.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">(4) </span><u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Moisture content/drainage<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: 0in;">
<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">            Soil color also depends on moisture content
in the soil. Well, drained soil shows bright and uniform colors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Poorly
drained soil shows grey colors.</span><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><u>Significance of soil color<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Agriculture: the white color of soil has less fertility</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Unmottled
soil subsoils have good</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">  </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">aeration</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14pt;">Constructions:
Grey color soil is poorly drained therefore these soil are not suitable for buildings.</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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Physical properties

Soil color Soil color can be determined more easily by our eyes. We can recognize important factors of soil environment by ...

Physical properties

natural green

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Title: Physical properties
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

First Part. (1) Soil water Hygroscopic water - Reaming water strongly adher...

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<b>First Part.</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">      (1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        </span></span><span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil
water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJDUQ8YNQR8hVoI7khQ2tvckFcHPluUbLDs-Iu0BOHNmqXUZuPoDicuEJLZNAZnjlaGup-gRGsmbpN2UI3M894O-VOZMU5teFPd_EFCqbhBr3MRTrc8xlF5WCgU5a0segTfzEKQwo1iIr/s1600/water.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieJDUQ8YNQR8hVoI7khQ2tvckFcHPluUbLDs-Iu0BOHNmqXUZuPoDicuEJLZNAZnjlaGup-gRGsmbpN2UI3M894O-VOZMU5teFPd_EFCqbhBr3MRTrc8xlF5WCgU5a0segTfzEKQwo1iIr/s320/water.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hygroscopic
water</span></u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">- Reaming water
strongly adheres to soil particles. Roots of plants can’t absorb this water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Capillary
water</span></u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">- Water retains
between pore spaces in soil. Pore spaces of soil aren’t still saturated
totally. This water is available for roots.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gravitational
water</span></u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-Water drains
through the soil because pore spaces of soil are totally saturated by water.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amount of
water in soil vary as follow: Gravitational water> capillary
water> hygroscopic water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Field capacity</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">–water held in the soil after
complete wetting followed by free drainage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wilting point</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">–water
that is held too tightly for plants to absorb the </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">difference between field capacity and wilting
point 100% of field capacity –optimal </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">75% of field capacity –enough for irrigation
50% or less of field capacity - </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Doesn’t</span><span style="font-family: "simsun"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">enough for irrigation.
Soil water content can be measured by using two methods.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"> (1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil
water content (by weight)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ɵm = Mw /<u> </u>Ms<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ɵm- soil water content<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mw- a mass of water evaporated (≥24hours
@105</span><span style="color: #0c0c0c; font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">º</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ms-mass of dry soil</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="ListParagraph1CxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 152.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">(2)Soil
water content (By volumetric)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ɵv = Vw / Vs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ɵv-
volumetric water content<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vw-volume
of water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="ListParagraph1CxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 152.25pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Vs-volume of soil sample<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>

Physical properties

First Part. (1) Soil water Hygroscopic water - Reaming water strongly adher...

Soil can be classified into biological, chemical and Physical properties.

natural green

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Title: Soil can be classified into biological, chemical and Physical properties.
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Biological properties 1. Air 2. Water 3. Nutrients Physical pr...

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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">  Biological
properties</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">      </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">             1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Air</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">             2.</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Water</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">             3. </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Nutrients</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">  </span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Physical
properties</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Structure<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(Granular, blocky, Prismatic,
columnar, Platy, Massive, single Grained)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Density (Particle density, Bulk
density)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Permeability<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Temperature<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Texture (Sand, silt, Clay)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Porosity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Constancy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">  Chemical
properties<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">    </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">        </span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">PH (Acidity, alkalinity)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">           2</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">CEC (caption exchange capacity) </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">           3</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Nutrients (</span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Micro nutrients</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">,
Macronutrients)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Soil can be classified into biological, chemical and Physical properties.

Biological properties 1. Air 2. Water 3. Nutrients Physical pr...

Introduction of soil

natural green

Link Author

Title: Introduction of soil
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

1.0 What’s soil? Soil is a life-supporting upper layer surface of the earth which is the basis of all agriculture . It cont...

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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
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<h3>
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<span style="color: #10253f; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.0 </span><span style="color: #00b050; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What’s
soil?</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil is a life-supporting upper layer surface of the earth which is
the basis of all </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">agriculture</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. It contains minerals and gavel from the chemical and </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">physical</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> weathering of</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> rocks, decaying organic matter </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(humus), microorganism, insects, nutrients, water, and air.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Soils differ according to the area and are </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">constantly</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> being
formed and </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">removed</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> by natural, animal and human activity.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.0</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #00b050; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Major components of soils</span><br />
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil consist of four major components.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 28pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(1) </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">inorganic</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(minerals)-45%</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">   </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(2) organic-5%</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">   </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(3) air-25%</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">   (4) water-25%</span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">  </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Organic</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> matter in the soil is added by decomposition</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> of dead bodies of </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">organisms</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">, urine, and </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">faces</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Inorganic</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> matter such as clay, sand and silt result</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> from rock weathering.</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">  Air and water
are </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">Storage</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> between pore spaces in soil. </span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Therefore topology, climate
and bedrock can be influenced by soil’s components</span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.0 </span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil </span></span><span style="color: #002060; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 26.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 30.6666641235352px;">structure</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">Soil</span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">particles </span><span style="color: #7030a0; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">have the arrangement. The soil particles
are </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">bounded</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> together into aggregates by binding </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">agents</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> such as </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">organic</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> matter, clay, CaCO3 and ion oxide and </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">biological</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> agents such as a fungal </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">hyphen</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;">. While </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">aggregate</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> is from </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">naturally</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> called “peds” and </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">artificially</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> “Clods”.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.0 </span><span style="color: #ce02b1; font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Soil </span><span style="color: #ce02b1; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 26.6666660308838px; line-height: 30.6666641235352px;">profile</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">   Soil a profile is vertical cross-section from the surface down to bedrock(parent </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">martial</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">). The soil profile is </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">usually</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">divided</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> into few </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">layers</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> called “horizons”.
The master soil horizons and layers are represented by capital letters such as 0, A, E, B, C
and R. Some of the above layers may be absent in some soil profiles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">O horizon</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style="font-weight: normal;">The top layer of soil, it </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">consists</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> of decomposed organic matter such as humus
and litter of leaves. Therefore the layer has usually black in </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">color</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">A horizon</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style="font-weight: normal;">The horizon has more organic </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">content</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> than
other </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">lower</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> horizons so it can be identified darker than </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">lower</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> horizons.The
horizon can be considered as the most active </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">biological</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> layer because soil
horizons fungi,earth warms and microorganisms such as bacteria</span></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">live there.  Germination of seeds has occurred</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> in this
layer. Roots of </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">plants</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> well developed in this layer.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">E horizon</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-weight: normal;">The la</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">yer has a wight </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">color</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. It can be found
between the A and B </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">horizons</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">. During this leaching, </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">clay's</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">, oxides and carbonate minerals that have been washed from the upper part of the profile accumulate in
the below layer known as the B horizon.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">B horizon</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style="font-weight: normal;">The layer is defined as subsoil. The layer
is </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">cindered</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> as most active weathering because It has a large accumulation of
minerals, silt, and clay </span><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">which</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> are leached from upper layers such as 0, A and E.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">C horizon</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style="font-weight: normal;">The layer is unconsolidated but has
been relatively unaffected by soil-forming processes.</span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="color: #0d0d0d; mso-no-proof: yes; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themetint: 242;">C horizon is called
the regolith.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0070c0; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">R horizon</span><span style="color: #0d0d0d;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style="font-weight: normal;">The layer is considered as the deepest
layer of the soil profile. It hasn’t any rocks or boulders.  Continuous bedrock is only present in this
layer. The </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18.6666660308838px; line-height: 21.4666652679443px;">color</span><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"> of the layer is similar to bedrock in the layer.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #7030a0; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.0 </span><span style="color: #943634;"><span style="font-size: 26.6666660308838px; line-height: 30.6666641235352px;">Roles</span><span style="font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"> of soil<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Medium
for plant growth<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regular
of water supplies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regular
of raw materials<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Modifier
of the atmosphere<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Habitat
for organisms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   
</span></span><span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Act as
an engineering medium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Introduction of soil

1.0 What’s soil? Soil is a life-supporting upper layer surface of the earth which is the basis of all agriculture . It cont...

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Soil water potential

(6) Permeability

Soil strength

Soil porosity

Nitrogen in soil

Soil Structure and Importance

Physical properties

Physical properties

Soil can be classified into biological, chemical and Physical properties.

Introduction of soil

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