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Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures

natural green

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Title: Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures
Author: natural green
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Impacts of poaching of wild animals Despite its economic potential, illegal wildlife trade has already led to serve environmental pr...

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<b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Impacts
of poaching of wild animals<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Despite its economic potential, illegal wildlife trade has
already led to serve environmental problems<b>.                                                                                                    </b></span><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reproduction</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching
distrusts the reproductive behavior and population health of animals. T As
illegal hunting selectively removed older animals with large tusks</span>,<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> the genetic diversity in the elephant
population dramatically decline. For females, the loss of strong partners may
decrease female fitness, which may influence population growth rates. Only some
Asian males have tusks while both sexes are tusk bearing in African elephants.
Therefore the selective removal of Asian tusk bearing male elephants supports
to establish a tusk- less elephants population in the near future. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Extinction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching
is the second-biggest direct threat to species survival, after habitat
destruction and is directly related to significant population losses for many
species (Schneider 2012).Populations of species on earth declined by an average
40% between 1970 and 2000. Large-bodied animals are more susceptible local
extinction by hunting. Because hunters prefer to kill large animals to gain
large amount of meat and those are animals with the most valuable horns,
antlers and tusks than small animals. Thus, the hunters are able to earn much
money per unit of time and cost expended for large animals. Large species are
rare compared to smaller ones because they reproduce slowly. Thus, they are especially
vulnerable to overhunting and have limited capacity to recover from population
declines.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ecosystem unbalance<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching
has been posed threat to the ecosystem balance. Asian elephant is a keystone
species that has a particularly large effect on an environment relative to its
abundance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Poaching
of keystone predator species encourages the uncontrolled growth of pray species
which results in dramatically increasing of grazing intensity to the point
where forest regeneration can be totally prevented. Eventually the forested
land is converted to desert.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Overhunting
of keystone species brings dramatic population shifts which could result in
very negative consequences.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Incidental killing of non-target
species<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Incidental
killing of animals also happens on land when crude traps are set (for example
for musk deer or duikers. These cause damage and death to a variety of animals
besides the intended ones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introducing invasive species<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Introducing
invasive species which prey on, or compete with, native species posing threat
to the balance of nature as the direct overexploitation of some species by
humans.   American Mink and the Red-eared
Terrapin are the examples for animals become invasive after introduction from
their native habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Transmission of diseases<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Human
interactions with nonhuman primates including cultural engagements, meat
consumption and pet ownership to tourist encounters provide opportunities for
the exchange of pathogenic organisms (both zoonoses and anthroponoses).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prevention of poaching and trafficking<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Several anti-poaching measures have been attempted
successfully over the years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Public education is
one of more powerful tool to encourage buyers to make informed choices when
they are buying wildlife-based products. In addition to end products buyers,
shop-keepers, suppliers and manufacturers are also targeted to be participated
in the awareness programs. The processors are encouraged to harvest and produce
wildlife products in a sustainable manner.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Existing legalization
on wildlife can be improved or new legislation can be formed for high-value
products including ivory or rhino horn to control illegal trade.
Militarization’ of nature reserves facilitate to arrests and deter criminal
activities. Highly trained and well equipped anti-poaching units are employed
at the boundary of the forest reserve. The effectiveness of their works can be
enhanced by rewarding them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAR88G_fG5XWGJyowuZPkVVfyl37SM9tYVbUy51V_g86ahj36o60A8mbEbAkQpbRJP8yvN3ylgNsguRomrnr95o86k4RHx-GPN0oIzR2jgnkDbG9Y7QpH0L6rMt-zaD_Q2DEuzsaQry3r/s1600/save+post+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="339" data-original-width="512" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGAR88G_fG5XWGJyowuZPkVVfyl37SM9tYVbUy51V_g86ahj36o60A8mbEbAkQpbRJP8yvN3ylgNsguRomrnr95o86k4RHx-GPN0oIzR2jgnkDbG9Y7QpH0L6rMt-zaD_Q2DEuzsaQry3r/s400/save+post+1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Animals are fitted with miniature electronic tags that detect
poaching events and transmit relevant information remotely to anti-poaching
units on the ground. Rhino horn and elephant ivory have been drilled and
injected dyes or poisonous by the Rhino and elephant Rescue Project. This
effort help to deter the poachers and devalue the price of horn and ivory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The government can introduce new income generating ways for
marginal poachers rather than hunting wild animals including tourist guide and
jeep drivers or provide initial funds for self-employments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alternatives can be introduced instead of Illegal wildlife
such as hand woven textiles, beaded work, ceramic and tile art that are
representative of local cultures and customs for</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">souvenir purchases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures

Impacts of poaching of wild animals Despite its economic potential, illegal wildlife trade has already led to serve environmental pr...

natural green

Link Author

Title:
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Estimation of Carbon Footprint The carbon footprint is a measure of total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indi...

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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Estimation of Carbon Footprint<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The carbon footprint is <b>a
measure of total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and
indirectly by an individual, organisation, event or product.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">The
Kyoto Protocol has declared <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>six Greenhouse
Gases(GHGs), including carbon-dioxide (CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span></sub>), methane (CH<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">4</span></sub>), nitrous
oxide (N<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span></sub>O),
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">6</span></sub>) in
order to its parties to set targets .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2 </span></sub>is considered
as the largest contributor</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> to greenhouse emission with a contribution
of 60 percent. Although most of organizations and people have paid their
attention towards only CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2</span></sub></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">the
non-CO<sub><span style="mso-text-raise: -5.0pt; position: relative; top: 5.0pt;">2 </span></sub>greenhouse
gases collectively contribute around 40% to green house effect.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advantages of carbon
footprint calculation:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The estimation of
carbon footprint requires to identify the sources of emissions from person,
products and organization. It encourages to take appropriate measures to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and design future activities with minimum emissions.
Carbon foot print measurements gives details on the progress after implementing
appropriate measures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint of an organization<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It involves the
measurements of greenhouse gases results from </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">all the activities across the organisation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint of a product<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">It accounts the greenhouse emissions over the whole
life of a product from the raw materials extraction, manufacturing,
distribution, use and final re-use, recycling or disposal.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon footprint
calculation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">   
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selection greenhouse gases: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
depends on the guideline<span style="color: #131313;"> followed, the need<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">of carbon footprint calculation and on the type of activity. The
carbon footprint calculation is mainly focused on the greenhouse gases with
significant emissions and rejected the green house gasses with </span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "TimesTen-Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesTen-Roman;">negligible</span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "TimesTen-Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesTen-Roman;"> </span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">emission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">   
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setting boundaries</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Organization bounders should be established to cover all the emission
sources under its direct control. Once organization boundaries are established operational
boundary should be selected. It involves the selection of direct and indirect
emissions. Emissions are divided into following tiers or scopes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                              
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">           
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Direct emissions</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Accounts for onsite emissions. Ex: Boilers, generators,
incinerators, refrigerators and transportation within factory <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                            
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">           
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Embodied emissions in
purchasing energy</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Electricity and heat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">                         
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">           
</span></span></span><b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indirect emissions</span></b><span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">: Transpiration of raw materials and finish products and
business travel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Both tiers II and III are responsible
for indirect emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: #131313; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The estimation of only tiers I and II are considered as basic or
primary carbon footprint. The estimation of tiers I, II and II are referred to
as full carbon footprint.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">   
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Collection of data: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Carbon
footprint is generally estimated for one year period. It is often expressed in
carbon equivalents. Number of units of purchased electricity can be obtained
from electricity bill of each month. Required volume of fossil fuel for onsite
operations can be collected separately from the daily records of the factory. The
share of non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gases are required to be converted into
carbon equivalents. Then emission factors and models can be used to evaluate
the carbon footprint based on collected data. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Measures to reduce
carbon footprint <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Industry: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Methane
or biomass should be used for boilers to produce steam instead of burning
fossil fuels. The wall of the house should be insulated to keep warm. Natural
ventilation should be used as much as possible rather than air condition or
fans. Sky lights should be installed to harvest sunlight during day time. Low
energy efficient fluorescent bulbs should be replaced by using high energy
efficiency and long lasting LED bulbs. Purchasing electricity which results in
emission of large amount of greenhouse gases should be gradually reduced. The
energy requirements of industry should be gradually shifted into renewable
energy including solar energy and biomass which results in less greenhouse gas
emission. The local raw materials should be purchased instead of importing to
eliminate the carbon emissions due to transportation from other countries. The
required ingredient can be produced within factory rather than purchasing them
from outside buyers. The food residuals from kitchen and left over from dining
room should be used for produce compost to prevent emission of methane from
open dump sites. Refrigerators which are used for cooling should be free of <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)</span>. The
energy audits should be conducted to check shorts and fix them. Waste should be
sent for recycling after proper segregation to minimize the continual
production of new raw materials. The waste report should be prepared to
identify wastage as a percentage of initial raw materials and take appropriate
measures to minimize those wastage. Energy efficiency machine should be
selected in the purchasing step. A forest plantation should be maintained to
offset the carbon emission. Thereby it help to neutral carbon emission of the
industry. Recycled or recyclable materials should be used for products and
their packaging to minimize the production of new raw materials. Office
vehicles should be provided for the transportation of the staff and the workers
instead of their own vehicles. The transportation of finish products should be
optimized to use the space in the vehicle more effectively. Portable tap water
should be provided for drinking instead of bottled drinking water which causes
large amount of greenhouse gas emission in filling bottles, production of
plastic bottles, packaging and distribution. Regular awareness programs and
workshops should be conducted for workers in order to reduce their individual
carbon footprint within the industry. Double side of the papers should be used
to avoid the carbon emission related to producing new papers. E-mails can be
used to communicate with clients, buyers and other institution instead of
posting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Individual: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Public
vehicles or office vehicles should be used instead of private vehicles. It is
better to use foot cycle or walking for short driving distances. If people can
become vegetarian or reduce meat consumption, carbon emission related to
raising livestock can be reduced because raising cattle causes more greenhouse
gas emission than growing vegetables and fruits. Raw fruits and vegetables
should be purchased from the market instead of processed foods. Water should be
brought from home rather than regular purchasing of bottled water. Purchasing
unnecessary goods and goods with unnecessary packaging should be avoided.
Products with carbon labels should be bought. If the same products from
different manufactures have been displayed their carbon label, the product with
less carbon footprint should be purchased. Energy effect electric appliances
should be purchased for home. Natural lighting and natural ventilation should
be used as much as possible instead of use of bulbs and air conditions or fans.
Peoples should be shifted gradually from non-renewable energy sources including
fossil fuels into renewable energy sources. Solar panels can be installed on
the roof top to harvest solar energy. Vertical garden or home garden should be
maintained to natural the individual carbon footprint as much as possible. Lunch
should be brought from home or purchased from canteen of the working place or
restaurant near to work place to drive short distances. Household waste should
be carefully handled to avoid biogas emissions results from degradation of
biological fraction of waste. Products with high quality and long lasting life
span should be purchased from the stores to prevent greenhouse gas emissions
related to regular purchasing same product over and over again.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />

Estimation of Carbon Footprint The carbon footprint is a measure of total amount of greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indi...

Energy conservation for sustainable future

natural green

Link Author

Title: Energy conservation for sustainable future
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Why energy is important? Man power was heavily used for agriculture and production process before industrialization. With the ind...

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi686ji6PNXRlTvYU6qJyjOfI2csl1Jc8TOzL-Fm9pqYzfSidtEpp8Srp6UNz0LH5NRi0FYxIzWLYIkP6N3qEUsCmipCSI0EKKUqKvjsgQPuoecZOFvdGX2cfPpL_FSDawKMVbNjsoHMaz3/s1600/energy+conservation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi686ji6PNXRlTvYU6qJyjOfI2csl1Jc8TOzL-Fm9pqYzfSidtEpp8Srp6UNz0LH5NRi0FYxIzWLYIkP6N3qEUsCmipCSI0EKKUqKvjsgQPuoecZOFvdGX2cfPpL_FSDawKMVbNjsoHMaz3/s400/energy+conservation.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Why energy is
important?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 48.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">    Man
power was heavily used for agriculture and production process before
industrialization. With the industrialization, way of thinking of society
changed. New machines and equipment were invented to produce in efficient
manner. Energy sources were essential for the operation of those machines.  Earlier coal power was used. Later fossil
fuels and natural gas were burned to obtain energy. Energy has become essential
factor both service factor and production industries. Energy cutoff may cause
breakdown of the whole process of the industries. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the renewable
and nonrenewable sources?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Renewable energy source can be replenished within short time
period after usage. Hydro power, solar, wind, geothermal heat and tide are the
example for the renewable energy sources. Non renewable energy sources cannot
be replenished within short time period after usage. Fossil fuel and coal are
the example for the non-renewable energy sources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Why energy is needed to
be conserved?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of the energy sources are non-renewable so conserving
energy help to save the resources for future generation. The world still
depends on the fossil fuel to fulfill the energy requirements. Since most of
the countries haven’t crude oil deposits, they have to import from Middle East
countries. Ultimately it increases the price of the fossil fuel due to the
transport cost and refinery process so it accounts a large portion of
expenditure in the counties like Sri Lanka. Therefore reduction usage of energy
can save money. Due to the reduction of the rainfall, fossil fuel is massively used
for electricity generation in large scale. Burning of fossil fuel releases lots
of harmful pollutants including oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of
carbon, particulate matter, and volatile organic matter (VOC), mercury and lead
into the environment. It may not only affect the air quality. Some pollutants end
up with aquatic bodies through process including acid deposition. The emission
of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide and nitrogen dioxides accelerate the global
warming. The interactions between the gases cause photochemical smog.  Therefore reduction of the fossil fuel
preserves the air quality. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Measure to reduce the
energy consumption<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lighting within factories accounts
for a large portion of energy consumption. Florescent bulbs can be replaced by
using energy efficient LED bulbs.  Skylights
are placed at the top of the roof to harvest sunlight for lighting during
daytime.  Thereby it reduces the
electricity for the lighting. The building should be construed to get maximum
amount of natural light for the indoor lighting. Sensor lights can be used for
lighting outside the buildings.  The
sensors are able to recognize the daytime and switch off the lights. The sensor
lights can be operated through solar power by using recharging battery during
day time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CRT televisions can be replaced by
using energy efficient LED televisions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy labeling is taken into
consideration to reduce the energy waste so each and every electric appliance
within the factory is labeled. So it prevents the use of electric appliances
unnecessarily.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fossil fuel consuming boilers can be
replaced by using biomass boilers. Cinnamon woods, beli fruit, ice cream beans
and bora are grown as fuel wood. Fuel woods are used as a renewable energy
sources and it reduces the carbon dioxide emission. It provides employments for
local people.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Water pressure pumps are replaced by
using gravity flowing drainage systems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of the industries tend to rely
on renewable energy sources as a solution for the global energy crisis.  Mini hydro power plants are established
across the streams and rivers. Although it has the zero emission of carbon
dioxide during the operation, essential strategies are needed to be taken to
protects the watershed areas of the countries. Unless it causes serve
environmental problems and effects the downstream living hoods. Solar panels
are placed at the top of the roof of buildings. As the solar energy recharges
the batteries during day time, usage of solar penal is not restricted to
daytime.  As the seasonality is absent in
the tropical countries, solar penal can be used throughout the year.  Although solar penal harvest maximum amount
of sunlight, it leaves hazardous waste at the end of their life span.  Biogas is used as an alternative for LP gas.
It is produced from organic waste under anaerobic condition. Canteen waste,
sludge from wastewater treatments plants and feces are used as sources for
methane production.  The biogas can be
used for the cooking in the canteen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy audit can be conducted per
every month. It helps to identify the places with leakages and highest energy
consumption. Thereby appropriate measure can be taken to reduce the energy
bill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Capacitor bank can be installed for
the main electrical system to regulate the energy consumption. It helps to
manage the additional load and maximum demand.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inefficient old motor can be replaced
by using modern efficient motors. The capital cost of energy efficient motors
may be higher than that of the older motor but it reduces largely the
operational cost compare to the capital cost. Motors are switched off when they
are not being used. Uses of oversized motors which highly consume energy are
avoided.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy content of the fossil fuel is
transformed into heat of the stream. Stream is used to provide energy for
processes including serialization, drying and ironing.  During this transformation, considerable
amount of energy is lost to the environment. The lost energy can be recovered
by appropriate techniques. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Continues awareness programs should
be conducted for the workers to get their best support for the reducing energy
consumption. The notices related to energy saving can be shown in the public
places including canteen and toilets in the factory.  The working people can be persuaded by
conducting a competition. The worker or group of workers can be evaluated and
awarded according to their high performance for energy saving and conserving in
the factory for a given time period. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Environmental friendly multi-compressor
system can be used for air conditioning instead of single- compressor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usage of natural ventilation can be
maximized to reduce the cost to operate fans and air condition machines. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the benefits
of conserving energy?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy conserving approaches lead to
a green production process. The carbon emission to the atmosphere is minimized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It attracts the more customers over
conventional industries because customers are more confident to buy
environmental friendly products. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conserving energy is one
qualification for applying for international certification systems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>

Energy conservation for sustainable future

Why energy is important? Man power was heavily used for agriculture and production process before industrialization. With the ind...

Stockholm convention

natural green

Link Author

Title: Stockholm convention
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

The Stockholm convention was based on the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Characteristics of POPs: · All they are ...

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUb8AUonqB-krNjBsTY_fc_8guXbuHBr1DX_2Cso3Lqy086O-Ckhi1miHQO3Z0Z5t2OEYeF40ryI_4UZVlP9lTAGI-SG2r4YCnEJmAd6ct1aiipOCHHXiIOplYBZcIXFlp-4RZoM4cg1Qx/s1600/stockholm+convention.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUb8AUonqB-krNjBsTY_fc_8guXbuHBr1DX_2Cso3Lqy086O-Ckhi1miHQO3Z0Z5t2OEYeF40ryI_4UZVlP9lTAGI-SG2r4YCnEJmAd6ct1aiipOCHHXiIOplYBZcIXFlp-4RZoM4cg1Qx/s320/stockholm+convention.png" width="282" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Stockholm convention was based on the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Characteristics of POPs:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">All
they are synthetic chemicals which are produced intentionally or
non-intentionally during industrial operations. POPs include pesticides,
industrial chemicals and byproducts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They
remain long period in the environment. Some may take centuries for degradation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These
POPs are extremely toxic, some are carcinogens. Pregnant women who exposure to
high level of POPs may not show at least minor symptoms but their new born
children possess adverse health effects and disorders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">POPs
can go through the food chain. POPs accumulate within the fat tissues of
animals. Concentration of   POPs is
increased form bottom to the top of the food chain. This incident is referred
to as the bio-magnification. Thereby it affects the predatory animals in the
top level of the food wed. Therefore small concentration of POPs can pose
extremely high effect at top level of the food web.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most
POPs generate in one country and effect people and wildlife far from they are
released and used due to the trasnboundry movement. POPs go through different
phases. POPs evaporate from the water or soil and they return to the land
through rain and snow. POPs can go beyond continent with the help of migratory
species. Due to the global wind pattern, POPs carry dust winds blow through the
Pacific Ocean to North America.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> It is a global treaty to safeguard
the people and the environment from POPs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">History:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> the Governing Council of the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for global action to be taken on
POPs in 1995.</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intergovernmental
Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS)</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IFCS concluded that available information was sufficient to
demonstrate that international action in 1996. A globally legal instrument was
required to take measure to reduce or eliminate the POPS.</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The UNEP Governing Council invited (UNEP)
to prepare an international legally binding instrument for implementing
international action initially beginning with the 12 POPs in 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
convention was signed in 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden. The Convention entered into
force on 17 May 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
convention has ratified with 151 signatures and 179 parties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regulations:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Article 3
describes measures those are needed to reduce or eliminate releases from
intentional production and use. Article 5 describes measures those are needed
to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production and use. Under
article 6, measures are listed to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles
and wastes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Each party
should take measures to implement the public information, awareness and
education programs to protect human health and environment from the POPs as
noted in article 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Article 10
describes the financial resources and mechanisms to achieve the objective of
this Convention. The well developed countries should provide new and additional
financial resources to enable developing country Parties to meet the agreed
full incremental costs of implementing measures which fulfill their obligations
under this Convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to
the article 16, effectiveness of this convention should be evaluated after the
commencing four years from the date of entry into force of this Convention and
periodically thereafter at intervals to be decided by the conference of the
parties .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Under
Stockholm convention, 12 chemicals are recognized as the dirty dozen. It
includes eight pesticides, two industrial chemicals and two byproducts.  Intentionally produced chemicals to be
eliminated were listed in annex one. Intentionally produced chemicals with
restrictions were listed in annex two. Persistent organic pollutants when
formed and released unintentionally from anthropogenic sources are listed in
annex c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex A:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin,
Hexachlorobenzene, Heptachlor, Mirex, PCBs and Toxaphene.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex B:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> DDT (1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2-bis (4-
chlorophenyl) ethane). DDT can be used in disease vector control use in
accordance with Part II of this Annex.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex C:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (CAS No:
118-74-1), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and Polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Case study:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DDT was used
as a strong insecticide to kill the mosquitoes that spread diseases including
malaria and yellow fever during the World War II. After 10 years of usage, adverse
health and environmental issues were appeared in the area with heavy use of
DDT. Population of hawks, eagles, and ospreys was declined o the farmland across
North America and Europe.  DDT
accumulated in the bodies of birds through the food chain as they ingest the
contaminated fishes. DDT was accumulated in the fatty tissue of the birds.
Concentration of DDT was higher in the birds compared to the environment. DDT
affected birds produce thin eggshell. Those eggs with thin shell break in the
nest as soon as they were laid. Thereby younger population of birds was
reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>

Stockholm convention

The Stockholm convention was based on the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Characteristics of POPs: · All they are ...

Basal convention

natural green

Link Author

Title: Basal convention
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Basal convention is based on the trasnboundry movement of the hazardous wastes and their disposal. History: The strict regulation...

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_7SZqkudparLKY6bZd_CNyWN6bE8PN4fWvilsadKb_pj4pXSfTBVubyRHpEX33yCBjX1tEktnQCFV3cedqcQTAINCvD4X8ilEFcKN1COkAmmy4_r4-iTbxGFzYdsYYgztKfzLX8yzEZum/s1600/fdf.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_7SZqkudparLKY6bZd_CNyWN6bE8PN4fWvilsadKb_pj4pXSfTBVubyRHpEX33yCBjX1tEktnQCFV3cedqcQTAINCvD4X8ilEFcKN1COkAmmy4_r4-iTbxGFzYdsYYgztKfzLX8yzEZum/s320/fdf.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basal
convention is based on the trasnboundry movement of the hazardous wastes and
their disposal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">History:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 
The strict regulations in the developed country guided them to dispose
and recycle their hazardous waste in an environmentally friendly safe manner.  Due to the highest capital and operational
cost, the hazardous waste was transported to developing and least developing
countries where the regulations on hazardous waste disposal were not much strong.
Earlier well developed countries considered developing countries as their dump
sites. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Khian sea
waste disposal incident<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The khian
sea cargo ship which was registered in Liberia carried incinerator ash from the
city of Philadelphia in United States. They subcontracted to dump the ash in
Bahamas. However Bahamas refused to accept the ash. Many regions of the world
refuse the ash. Half of its load was dumped in a beach in Haiti before being
forced away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Koko in
Nigeria- 1988<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Italian
Company had obtained an import permit for disposal of no explosive,
non-radioactive and non-self-combusting material. But the ships actually
transported massive sludge, slurry and carcinogen. Five ships carried eight
thousand barrel of hazardous waste from Italy to the small town of Koko in Nigeria.
Nigerian businessman, Sunday Nana  a</span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">signed an illegal agreement
with Italian businessmen Gianfranco Raffaeli and Renato Pent, of the waste broker
firms Ecomar and Jelly Wax respectively. Italian companies were agreed to paid
to use above Nigerian’s property for storage of 18,000 drums of hazardous waste
with a payment of $100 a month. Due to the disaster come from the drums contain
hazardous chemical drums, 13 people were dead and children were sick after five
years of storage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basal
convention was designed with following there <b>aims</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The reaction of hazardous waste
generation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Restriction of trasnboundry movement
of hazardous waste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regulatory system for trasnboundry
movement of hazardous waste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basal
convention was adopted in 1989. It was come into force in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parties</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: 182 states and the European Union
were signed and ratified. Haiti and the United states have signed and yet not
ratified. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regulations</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Article four
describes the general obligations related to import and export of hazardous
waste. Article five noted the designation of competent authorities and focal
point for to facilitate the implementation of this Convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seven annexes</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> are documented under basal
convention to regulate the trasnboundry movement of hazardous waste and their
disposal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18
categories of wastes to be controlled were listed under annex one. The
categories included clinical waste and wastes from the manufacture, formulation
and use from pharmaceutical products, phytopharmaceuticals, organic solvents,
inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnish, latex, plasticizers, and
glues/adhesives, and Polychlorinated biphenyl. Waste having certain hazardous
constitutions were also listed under annexes one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Under
annex two, categories of waste those require special consideration were listed
including wastes collected from households and residues arising from the
incineration of household wastes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hazardous
characteristic were listed under annex three including flammable, oxidizable ,
flammable solids  and organic peroxides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dispose
operations were listed under annex four. Section A encompasses all such
disposal operations which are not led to possibility of recovery, recycling,
reclamation, directs use or alternative use. Section B encompasses all such
operations led to possibility of recovery, recycling, reclamation, directs use
or alternative use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex
five A documented the information to be provided on notification. Annex five B
documented the information to be provided on the movement document. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Under
annex six, seven articles were documented for arbitration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1998,
Annexes VIII and IX were added to the Convention by the fourth meeting of the
Conference of the Parties, to provide further elaboration as to the wastes
regulated by the Convention as listed in Annexes I and III.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex
eight listed the wastes that are characterized as hazardous under Article 1,
paragraph 1 (a), of this Convention and their designation on this Annex does
not preclude the use of Annex III to demonstrate that a waste is not hazardous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex
nine listed the waste that are not covered Article 1, paragraph 1 (a), of this
Convention unless they contain Annex I material to an extent causing them to
exhibit an Annex III characteristic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basal
convention was not paid attention on the radioactive waste and waste drive from
normal operation of ship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>

Basal convention

Basal convention is based on the trasnboundry movement of the hazardous wastes and their disposal. History: The strict regulation...

natural green

Link Author

Title:
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Sulfur Cycle and its Environmental Impacts Sulfur is one of primary nutrients for both animal and plant life. It is component element t...

<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: 28pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulfur Cycle and its Environmental Impacts<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulfur is
one of primary nutrients for both animal and plant life. It is component
element that makes up some proteins, enzymes and vitamins. Sulfur accounts for
5 of dry weight of organisms. Plants take sulfur in the soluble form while
animals depend on the sulfur containing plant and other animal materials.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After uptake
of inorganic sulfur, it becomes organic sulfur in the plants and
microorganisms. After decomposition of organic matter, sulfur compounds are
converted again into inorganic sulfur or sulfur in cells of microorganisms. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulfur is
entered into the atmosphere as a result of both natural and anthropogenic
process.  Volcanic eruptions, organic
matter decomposition, forest fire and microbial activities are the natural
process that helps to cycle sulfur. Fossil fuel burning and industrial
activities release sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in large scale into the
environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The major
reservoir pool of sulfur is ocean. Sulfur can be found in large concentration
in as dissolved from or sediments forms. Gypsum and pyrite are the examples for
sulfur bearing minerals. Leaching and rock sediments are the major sources that
release sulfur into ocean. Oxidation number of sulfur varies from -2 to +6. But
sulfate with oxidation number of +2 is most stable form of sulfur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Main steps of sulfur cycle:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conversion of organic sulfur into inorganic sulfur</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (H</span><span style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">S)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">   
</span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oxidation of element sulfur,
thiosulfate and hydrogen sulfide into sulfate<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reduction of sulfate into hydrogen sulfide</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chemoorganotrophic anaerobic
respiratory bacteria use non oxygen terminal electron acceptor at the end of
their electron transport chain. They use sulfate as their terminal electron
acceptor and reduce it into hydrogen sulfide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulfur assimilation</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: It is the reduction of sulfate into organic sulfhydryl groups. The
oxidation number of sulfur changes from +6 to -2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulfur dissimilation</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: it is the reduction of organic sulfur containing substance into
inorganic hydrogen sulfide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide into element sulfur</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Green sulfur bacteria and purple
sulfur bacteria perform photosynthesis to ATP synthesis. They use hydrogen
sulfide as their electron donor. They reduce it into element sulfur.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulfur compounds acts as the electron
donors and electron acceptors for microorganisms</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Anaerobic respiratory bacteria
including <b><i>Thiobacuillus thioxidans</i></b> use element sulfur, thiosulfate or
hydrogen sulfide as their substrate. They oxidize these sulfur compounds to run
electron transport chains. They oxidize them into sulfate.  Theses sulfate dissolve and spread though the
aquatic body. When sulfate reach into bottom where the anaerobic environmental
condition exists anaerobic respiratory microorganisms use it as their terminal
electron acceptor at their electron transport chain. They reduce sulfate into
hydrogen sulfide. These hydrogen sulfide moves upward. Both green sulfur and
purple sulfur bacteria which inhabit in the above layers of aquatic water body
us use hydrogen sulfide as their electron donor in their photosynthesis. They
oxidize hydrogen sulfide into element sulfur. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Effects of acidification of aquatic
bodies</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: These
sulfates make the environments extremely acidic. They dissolve minerals in the
bottom of the aquatic bodies. Toxic metal ions including Al3+ release into the
water. These toxic metal ions cause detrimental effects to some aquatic plants
and animals. Acid dissolves the shells of aquatic animals including
coelenterates, gastropods. Shell of eggs including fishes is dissolved by
acids. pH below 5 does not allow fish eggs to hatch. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide is more
beneficial</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> than
oxidation of element sulfur into sulfate because oxidation of hydrogen sulfide
from -2 to +6 release eight electrons while oxidation of element sulfur from 0
to +6 releases six electrons. So hydrogen sulfide can take more electrons for
their electron transport chin and produce more ATP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />

Sulfur Cycle and its Environmental Impacts Sulfur is one of primary nutrients for both animal and plant life. It is component element t...

Sewage Water Treatment Plant

natural green

Link Author

Title: Sewage Water Treatment Plant
Author: natural green
Rating 5 of 5 Des:

Sewage is the combination of both black water and grey water . Black water carries wastewater that is released through the toilets includin...

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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sewage is the combination of both
black water and grey water</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Black water carries wastewater that is released through the toilets
including urine and excreta, kitchen and bathroom. Grey water carries
wastewater from bathrooms and kitchen. Release of sewage into public sewer
system is compulsory in the highly urbanize area. Release of sewage without
proper treatment into surface water sources and ground water sources cause
serve health, economic and environmental problems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sources of sewage</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Toilets, bathrooms and kitchen are
the sources of releasing sewage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Composition of sewage</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: wastewater from toilets contains
pathogens in large quantities.  Biodegradable
organics (BOD) releases from both toilets and kitchens. It causes the depletion
of oxygen in the water sources and affects the aquatic plant and animal life. Excessive
amount of nutrients (N, P, K) also release through both toilets and kitchen.
They are able to accelerate the growth of algae. The sudden increase of algal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> growth is referred to as the eutrophication. Hot
and cold water release through the kitchens and bathrooms. It affects the
temperature stability of the aquatic bodies. Detergents releases through the
cleaning of bathrooms and toilets.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sediments are another pollutant that reduces the light
penetration through aquatic bodies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Collection of the sewage</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Later sewers collect sewage from
individual houses into primary gully. Then sewage from primary gullies is flowed
into secondary gullies by using branched sewers. Then according to the slope,
sewage from all secondary gullies is drained along the road into the main
gully.</span> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The main gullies
are connected to the treatment plant via large sewer.  Here collection of the sewage is done by
using gravity instead of pumping. Therefore sewers are constructed with slope.
Thereby it reduces the cost of treatment of sewage.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The
treatment process is operated as flowing diagram.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh414vqGLlvHgZSlPU3_69B4ZzB1sN2XZo6OX3IJO8RedDeVih0Xnv9PLCXGApUStNFZrYIXEf7NieQDzcw7PNU2hCEo0TWZts4gzQ6JxzGjDLV8YWob5auwWfsgK4plpjpEbxFJW0mpI5N/s1600/sawege_plan_02.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh414vqGLlvHgZSlPU3_69B4ZzB1sN2XZo6OX3IJO8RedDeVih0Xnv9PLCXGApUStNFZrYIXEf7NieQDzcw7PNU2hCEo0TWZts4gzQ6JxzGjDLV8YWob5auwWfsgK4plpjpEbxFJW0mpI5N/s640/sawege_plan_02.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Incoming
sewage is passed through a metallic bar screen. It removes the large materials
including sanitary napkins, grits, glass pieces and straws. Those are sent and
disposed in the sanitary land fill. 
Thereby it helps to protects the pumps and other equipment from wrapping
or damage them.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedimentation tank</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Then water is transferred into a
sedimentation tank by using pump system. Here it is allowed water to settle
down under gravity. Large floatable materials are collected at the bottom of
the sedimentation tank. They are removed and directed to the central sludge
treatment facility. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aeration tank</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Water is transferred into a tank
with continuous aeration. Here biodegradable organics are removed by using
digestion of aerobic respiratory bacteria. They oxidize organic matter
completely into carbon dioxide and water without leaving any residues. .
Retention time of wastewater is 4-8 hours in the aeration tank. The amount of
sediments can be reduced by extending the retention time from 1-2 days.
Mechanical aerators are employed for aeration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secondary clarifier</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Then wastewater is transferred into
another settling tank. Here as microorganisms are higher than the available
food, they tend to form flocs via attaching to each other. They settle down
under gravity at the bottom of the settling tank. They are removed as the
sludge. Part of the sludge is removed as the activated sludge. Rest is
transferred into the central sludge treatment facilities to dispose in a proper
manner. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disinfection</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Chlorine, ozone and UV are the common
method of disinfection. But chlorine is the economical viable method. Chorine
solution is added drop wisely by using specialized machine. Excess chorine
generates disinfection byproducts (dbp) including chloroform. They may cause
serve health problems therefore excess chlorine have to be removed before
discharge water into natural water bodies. Sodium metabisulfate is added to
remove excess chorine. . But both ozone and UV do not leave resides that need
to be removed before discharges. But use of ozone as a disinfection method is
costly because ozone has to be produced in-site due to the instability. It
requires highly specialized expensive equipment to generate ozone. Therefore
use of UV is environmental friendly and cost effective. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wetland system</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Even after primary and secondary
treatment, wastewater still contains excess nutrients including phosphate and
nitrate, sediments and non-degraded organic matter. If wastewater is released
at this level of treatment, it may pollute the both groundwater table and
surface water sources. So construction of artificial wetland is the economical
viable method as a tertiary treatment. It removes pollutant from water via
biological, physical and chemical methods. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reuse and disposal of treated
wastewater: </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After
treatment, water can be reused within the plant. Flushing toilets and watering
plants are done by using treated water. If water is not reused, it can be
discharged into natural water bodies, after tastings for the national and
international standards. COD, BOD and suspended solid are checked once every
week. Parameters in the natural water bodies also tested recently. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sludge treatment</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: Sludge collected from primary and
secondary clarifier is transferred to a tank. It is similar to typical
sedimentation tank in the design. Here sludge is settled down under gravity. So
it increases the thickness of gravity. Then sludge is collected and directed
into either anaerobic digester or drying bed. Sludge is degraded into carbon
dioxide by using anaerobic respiratory bacteria. Then this carbon dioxide is
reduced into methane which is combustible gas. Methane can be used for
electricity generation or directly use in cookers.  In drying beds, sludge is filtered through a
sand and gravel filter. Remaining liquid fraction is accumulated as the
leachate at the bottom. The leachate is collected via pipe systems into central
treatment facilities and treats. The liquid fraction of sludge is further reduced
by using filtration, drying via sunlight and wind. The sludge is collected from
the surface f the drying beds. It can be reused or disposed in sanitary land
fill. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reuse and disposal of sludge</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">: Sludge can be used as a resource.
Sludge is used for compost production. Plant materials are added to adjust the
proper carbon to nitrogen ratio for microbial decomposition.  It can be applied as a soil conditioner and
fertilizer. It as a fertilizer, it adds primary nutrients such as nitrogen,
phosphorous and potassium. Thereby it increases the growth of plants. It as a
soil conditioner, it improves the biological, chemical and physical properties.
If sludge is not reused, it is needed to be disposed in a sanitary landfill
because sludge contains the most of the worst materials of wastewater.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>

Sewage Water Treatment Plant

Sewage is the combination of both black water and grey water . Black water carries wastewater that is released through the toilets includin...

Impacts of poaching and tracking of wild animals and preventive measures

Energy conservation for sustainable future

Stockholm convention

Basal convention

Sewage Water Treatment Plant

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