Energy conservation for sustainable future

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QL12LB0NKXI/WRxhP4jJH_I/AAAAAAAAA8Y/bgv3tB7e_y8EJbk8-RgTZdNDn0nPnNRNQCLcB/s1600/energy%2Bconservation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QL12LB0NKXI/WRxhP4jJH_I/AAAAAAAAA8Y/bgv3tB7e_y8EJbk8-RgTZdNDn0nPnNRNQCLcB/s400/energy%2Bconservation.jpg" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Why energy is important?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 48.5pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">    Man power was heavily used for agriculture and production process before industrialization. With the industrialization, way of thinking of society changed. New machines and equipment were invented to produce in efficient manner. Energy sources were essential for the operation of those machines.  Earlier coal power was used. Later fossil fuels and natural gas were burned to obtain energy. Energy has become essential factor both service factor and production industries. Energy cutoff may cause breakdown of the whole process of the industries. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the renewable and nonrenewable sources?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Renewable energy source can be replenished within short time period after usage. Hydro power, solar, wind, geothermal heat and tide are the example for the renewable energy sources. Non renewable energy sources cannot be replenished within short time period after usage. Fossil fuel and coal are the example for the non-renewable energy sources.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Why energy is needed to be conserved?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of the energy sources are non-renewable so conserving energy help to save the resources for future generation. The world still depends on the fossil fuel to fulfill the energy requirements. Since most of the countries haven’t crude oil deposits, they have to import from Middle East countries. Ultimately it increases the price of the fossil fuel due to the transport cost and refinery process so it accounts a large portion of expenditure in the counties like Sri Lanka. Therefore reduction usage of energy can save money. Due to the reduction of the rainfall, fossil fuel is massively used for electricity generation in large scale. Burning of fossil fuel releases lots of harmful pollutants including oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of carbon, particulate matter, and volatile organic matter (VOC), mercury and lead into the environment. It may not only affect the air quality. Some pollutants end up with aquatic bodies through process including acid deposition. The emission of carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide and nitrogen dioxides accelerate the global warming. The interactions between the gases cause photochemical smog.  Therefore reduction of the fossil fuel preserves the air quality. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Measure to reduce the energy consumption<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lighting within factories accounts for a large portion of energy consumption. Florescent bulbs can be replaced by using energy efficient LED bulbs.  Skylights are placed at the top of the roof to harvest sunlight for lighting during daytime.  Thereby it reduces the electricity for the lighting. The building should be construed to get maximum amount of natural light for the indoor lighting. Sensor lights can be used for lighting outside the buildings.  The sensors are able to recognize the daytime and switch off the lights. The sensor lights can be operated through solar power by using recharging battery during day time. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CRT televisions can be replaced by using energy efficient LED televisions. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy labeling is taken into consideration to reduce the energy waste so each and every electric appliance within the factory is labeled. So it prevents the use of electric appliances unnecessarily.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fossil fuel consuming boilers can be replaced by using biomass boilers. Cinnamon woods, beli fruit, ice cream beans and bora are grown as fuel wood. Fuel woods are used as a renewable energy sources and it reduces the carbon dioxide emission. It provides employments for local people.  <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Water pressure pumps are replaced by using gravity flowing drainage systems. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most of the industries tend to rely on renewable energy sources as a solution for the global energy crisis.  Mini hydro power plants are established across the streams and rivers. Although it has the zero emission of carbon dioxide during the operation, essential strategies are needed to be taken to protects the watershed areas of the countries. Unless it causes serve environmental problems and effects the downstream living hoods. Solar panels are placed at the top of the roof of buildings. As the solar energy recharges the batteries during day time, usage of solar penal is not restricted to daytime.  As the seasonality is absent in the tropical countries, solar penal can be used throughout the year.  Although solar penal harvest maximum amount of sunlight, it leaves hazardous waste at the end of their life span.  Biogas is used as an alternative for LP gas. It is produced from organic waste under anaerobic condition. Canteen waste, sludge from wastewater treatments plants and feces are used as sources for methane production.  The biogas can be used for the cooking in the canteen. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy audit can be conducted per every month. It helps to identify the places with leakages and highest energy consumption. Thereby appropriate measure can be taken to reduce the energy bill.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Capacitor bank can be installed for the main electrical system to regulate the energy consumption. It helps to manage the additional load and maximum demand.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Inefficient old motor can be replaced by using modern efficient motors. The capital cost of energy efficient motors may be higher than that of the older motor but it reduces largely the operational cost compare to the capital cost. Motors are switched off when they are not being used. Uses of oversized motors which highly consume energy are avoided.  <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">10)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy content of the fossil fuel is transformed into heat of the stream. Stream is used to provide energy for processes including serialization, drying and ironing.  During this transformation, considerable amount of energy is lost to the environment. The lost energy can be recovered by appropriate techniques. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">11)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Continues awareness programs should be conducted for the workers to get their best support for the reducing energy consumption. The notices related to energy saving can be shown in the public places including canteen and toilets in the factory.  The working people can be persuaded by conducting a competition. The worker or group of workers can be evaluated and awarded according to their high performance for energy saving and conserving in the factory for a given time period. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">12)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Environmental friendly multi-compressor system can be used for air conditioning instead of single- compressor.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">13)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usage of natural ventilation can be maximized to reduce the cost to operate fans and air condition machines. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What are the benefits of conserving energy?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Energy conserving approaches lead to a green production process. The carbon emission to the atmosphere is minimized.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It attracts the more customers over conventional industries because customers are more confident to buy environmental friendly products. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Conserving energy is one qualification for applying for international certification systems. <o:p></o:p></span></div>

Energy conservation for sustainable future

Why energy is important?     Man power was heavily used for agriculture and production process before industrialization. With the ind...

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Stockholm convention

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-47X4IeWVzqI/WRxXodzwOlI/AAAAAAAAA78/4N4-gZ6WANg8SCIsFvymYfiwOenpUYtVQCLcB/s1600/stockholm%2Bconvention.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-47X4IeWVzqI/WRxXodzwOlI/AAAAAAAAA78/4N4-gZ6WANg8SCIsFvymYfiwOenpUYtVQCLcB/s320/stockholm%2Bconvention.png" width="282" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Stockholm convention was based on the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Characteristics of POPs:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">All they are synthetic chemicals which are produced intentionally or non-intentionally during industrial operations. POPs include pesticides, industrial chemicals and byproducts. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">They remain long period in the environment. Some may take centuries for degradation.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These POPs are extremely toxic, some are carcinogens. Pregnant women who exposure to high level of POPs may not show at least minor symptoms but their new born children possess adverse health effects and disorders. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">POPs can go through the food chain. POPs accumulate within the fat tissues of animals. Concentration of   POPs is increased form bottom to the top of the food chain. This incident is referred to as the bio-magnification. Thereby it affects the predatory animals in the top level of the food wed. Therefore small concentration of POPs can pose extremely high effect at top level of the food web.  <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Most POPs generate in one country and effect people and wildlife far from they are released and used due to the trasnboundry movement. POPs go through different phases. POPs evaporate from the water or soil and they return to the land through rain and snow. POPs can go beyond continent with the help of migratory species. Due to the global wind pattern, POPs carry dust winds blow through the Pacific Ocean to North America.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> It is a global treaty to safeguard the people and the environment from POPs.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">History:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> the Governing Council of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) called for global action to be taken on POPs in 1995.</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS)</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IFCS concluded that available information was sufficient to demonstrate that international action in 1996. A globally legal instrument was required to take measure to reduce or eliminate the POPS.</span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The UNEP Governing Council invited (UNEP) to prepare an international legally binding instrument for implementing international action initially beginning with the 12 POPs in 1997.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The convention was signed in 2001 in Stockholm, Sweden. The Convention entered into force on 17 May 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The convention has ratified with 151 signatures and 179 parties.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regulations:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Article 3 describes measures those are needed to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional production and use. Article 5 describes measures those are needed to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production and use. Under article 6, measures are listed to reduce or eliminate releases from stockpiles and wastes.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Each party should take measures to implement the public information, awareness and education programs to protect human health and environment from the POPs as noted in article 10.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Article 10 describes the financial resources and mechanisms to achieve the objective of this Convention. The well developed countries should provide new and additional financial resources to enable developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of implementing measures which fulfill their obligations under this Convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to the article 16, effectiveness of this convention should be evaluated after the commencing four years from the date of entry into force of this Convention and periodically thereafter at intervals to be decided by the conference of the parties .<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Under Stockholm convention, 12 chemicals are recognized as the dirty dozen. It includes eight pesticides, two industrial chemicals and two byproducts.  Intentionally produced chemicals to be eliminated were listed in annex one. Intentionally produced chemicals with restrictions were listed in annex two. Persistent organic pollutants when formed and released unintentionally from anthropogenic sources are listed in annex c.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex A:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin, Hexachlorobenzene, Heptachlor, Mirex, PCBs and Toxaphene.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex B:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> DDT (1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2-bis (4- chlorophenyl) ethane). DDT can be used in disease vector control use in accordance with Part II of this Annex.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex C:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (CAS No: 118-74-1), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Case study:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DDT was used as a strong insecticide to kill the mosquitoes that spread diseases including malaria and yellow fever during the World War II. After 10 years of usage, adverse health and environmental issues were appeared in the area with heavy use of DDT. Population of hawks, eagles, and ospreys was declined o the farmland across North America and Europe.  DDT accumulated in the bodies of birds through the food chain as they ingest the contaminated fishes. DDT was accumulated in the fatty tissue of the birds. Concentration of DDT was higher in the birds compared to the environment. DDT affected birds produce thin eggshell. Those eggs with thin shell break in the nest as soon as they were laid. Thereby younger population of birds was reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></div>

Stockholm convention

The Stockholm convention was based on the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Characteristics of POPs: ·          All they are ...

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