Archive for April 2017

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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basal
convention is based on the trasnboundry movement of the hazardous wastes and
their disposal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">History:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 
The strict regulations in the developed country guided them to dispose
and recycle their hazardous waste in an environmentally friendly safe manner.  Due to the highest capital and operational
cost, the hazardous waste was transported to developing and least developing
countries where the regulations on hazardous waste disposal were not much strong.
Earlier well developed countries considered developing countries as their dump
sites. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Khian sea
waste disposal incident<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The khian
sea cargo ship which was registered in Liberia carried incinerator ash from the
city of Philadelphia in United States. They subcontracted to dump the ash in
Bahamas. However Bahamas refused to accept the ash. Many regions of the world
refuse the ash. Half of its load was dumped in a beach in Haiti before being
forced away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Koko in
Nigeria- 1988<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Italian
Company had obtained an import permit for disposal of no explosive,
non-radioactive and non-self-combusting material. But the ships actually
transported massive sludge, slurry and carcinogen. Five ships carried eight
thousand barrel of hazardous waste from Italy to the small town of Koko in Nigeria.
Nigerian businessman, Sunday Nana  a</span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">signed an illegal agreement
with Italian businessmen Gianfranco Raffaeli and Renato Pent, of the waste broker
firms Ecomar and Jelly Wax respectively. Italian companies were agreed to paid
to use above Nigerian’s property for storage of 18,000 drums of hazardous waste
with a payment of $100 a month. Due to the disaster come from the drums contain
hazardous chemical drums, 13 people were dead and children were sick after five
years of storage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basal
convention was designed with following there <b>aims</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The reaction of hazardous waste
generation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Restriction of trasnboundry movement
of hazardous waste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regulatory system for trasnboundry
movement of hazardous waste<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basal
convention was adopted in 1989. It was come into force in 1992.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Parties</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">: 182 states and the European Union
were signed and ratified. Haiti and the United states have signed and yet not
ratified. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Regulations</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Article four
describes the general obligations related to import and export of hazardous
waste. Article five noted the designation of competent authorities and focal
point for to facilitate the implementation of this Convention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seven annexes</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> are documented under basal
convention to regulate the trasnboundry movement of hazardous waste and their
disposal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">18
categories of wastes to be controlled were listed under annex one. The
categories included clinical waste and wastes from the manufacture, formulation
and use from pharmaceutical products, phytopharmaceuticals, organic solvents,
inks, dyes, pigments, paints, lacquers, varnish, latex, plasticizers, and
glues/adhesives, and Polychlorinated biphenyl. Waste having certain hazardous
constitutions were also listed under annexes one.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Under
annex two, categories of waste those require special consideration were listed
including wastes collected from households and residues arising from the
incineration of household wastes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hazardous
characteristic were listed under annex three including flammable, oxidizable ,
flammable solids  and organic peroxides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dispose
operations were listed under annex four. Section A encompasses all such
disposal operations which are not led to possibility of recovery, recycling,
reclamation, directs use or alternative use. Section B encompasses all such
operations led to possibility of recovery, recycling, reclamation, directs use
or alternative use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex
five A documented the information to be provided on notification. Annex five B
documented the information to be provided on the movement document. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Under
annex six, seven articles were documented for arbitration. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 1998,
Annexes VIII and IX were added to the Convention by the fourth meeting of the
Conference of the Parties, to provide further elaboration as to the wastes
regulated by the Convention as listed in Annexes I and III.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex
eight listed the wastes that are characterized as hazardous under Article 1,
paragraph 1 (a), of this Convention and their designation on this Annex does
not preclude the use of Annex III to demonstrate that a waste is not hazardous.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">        
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Annex
nine listed the waste that are not covered Article 1, paragraph 1 (a), of this
Convention unless they contain Annex I material to an extent causing them to
exhibit an Annex III characteristic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Basal
convention was not paid attention on the radioactive waste and waste drive from
normal operation of ship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>

Basal convention

Basal convention is based on the trasnboundry movement of the hazardous wastes and their disposal. History: The strict regulations in the developed country guided them to dispose and recycle their h…

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Basal convention

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