Enatameoba Coli

<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;">Host- Human/Pigs/Dogs</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 105.4pt; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]-->Locomotion: Unidirectional pseudopodia<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]-->Only the cyst stage is released to the environment by human.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]-->Other animals release trophozoites, <span style="line-height: 115%;">but they cannot survive and die. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Enatameoba coli are a non-pathogenic protozoan in the small intestine.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <h3> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Difference between cyst and trophozoites</span></u></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Trophozoites<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Cyst<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: SI-LK; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:180pt;height:147pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\LASITH~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" o:title="3DEdKv4cQOkAwXVjv9ktpA_m"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2urinVakHzQ/V2_JCMfFXfI/AAAAAAAAAe4/CZyl0pm_gMImbLG9wrTXMDQLoymfoZYHQCLcB/s1600/cyst_trphozitees.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2urinVakHzQ/V2_JCMfFXfI/AAAAAAAAAe4/CZyl0pm_gMImbLG9wrTXMDQLoymfoZYHQCLcB/s200/cyst_trphozitees.png" width="200" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wn4MPyzku7E/V2_JUkGdKhI/AAAAAAAAAfA/94X_3wIuGton1eQ2xNf8gc6M6Z1m6l7tQCLcB/s1600/cyst_trphozitees_1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Wn4MPyzku7E/V2_JUkGdKhI/AAAAAAAAAfA/94X_3wIuGton1eQ2xNf8gc6M6Z1m6l7tQCLcB/s200/cyst_trphozitees_1.png" width="163" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: SI-LK; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:169.5pt;height:145.5pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\LASITH~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" o:title="screen_shot_2015-02-03_at_83008_pm-14B526CDB0D082EFBC8"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: SI-LK; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:180pt;height:147.75pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\LASITH~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png" o:title="JM7k4Wo30AflwIVX1ok8Ww_m"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tWoPv9Kx75U/V2_JZdHSTKI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/UyU3dCPlvrQ-o7i7Tg59LEgRWPcivNu3QCLcB/s1600/cyst_trphozitees_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tWoPv9Kx75U/V2_JZdHSTKI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/UyU3dCPlvrQ-o7i7Tg59LEgRWPcivNu3QCLcB/s200/cyst_trphozitees_2.png" width="200" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jrdAzqVyxcI/V2_JZMUMuiI/AAAAAAAAAfI/Lutyk6HOMCUc5Jr2nM7ka2IxdpXqb3kVQCKgB/s1600/cyst_trphozitees_3.png.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jrdAzqVyxcI/V2_JZMUMuiI/AAAAAAAAAfI/Lutyk6HOMCUc5Jr2nM7ka2IxdpXqb3kVQCKgB/s200/cyst_trphozitees_3.png.jpg" width="200" /></a><br /> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: SI-LK; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:153pt;height:140.25pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\LASITH~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg" o:title="entacoli4"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It has a single nucleus with eccentric located endosomes.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It has 8nucleuses with eccentric located endosomes.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It is irregular in shape.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It is spherical in shape.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It has pseudopodia that are characteristically unidirectional. <o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It has not pseudopodia.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Chromatid bodies are absent.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Chromatid bodies with blunt ends.<o:p></o:p></span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <br /> <div> <br /></div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <h3> <b><u><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Life cycle: </span></span></u></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">After human is infected by a cyst of Entamoeba histolytica through foods or water, cysts excyst in the small intestine.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">    </span></span><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Trophozoites feed and multiply aid in binary fission. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">They attach to gut epithelium for feeding. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Some of trophozoites return into the small intestine and go              to the large intestine with the food stream.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">They secrete cyst wall in order to serve in the dry condition of the large intestine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">                                                                                                             ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cysts are released through the fecal matter to the environment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cysts remain in the moist soil for weeks.  <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     · <span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">    </span></span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Cysts go through runoff passively and survive for a month.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gd_yKHFy0hY/V2_Jua_y-kI/AAAAAAAAAfY/5lCWisF9k9sNBj1rG7vzhTccFSK7HyojACLcB/s1600/cyst_trphozitees_4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Gd_yKHFy0hY/V2_Jua_y-kI/AAAAAAAAAfY/5lCWisF9k9sNBj1rG7vzhTccFSK7HyojACLcB/s640/cyst_trphozitees_4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-65880709-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>

Enatameoba Coli

·          Host- Human/Pigs/Dogs ·          Locomotion: Unidirectional pseudopodia ·          Only the cyst stage is released to the en...

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Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium Parvum

<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It belongs to Phylum Sporozoa of kingdom Protista. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is also unable to move due to the lack of cilia or flagella.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mode of transmission: Fecal-oral route (Food borne/ water borne contaminated by oocysts)<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NbsGwurSMXA/V20KZ4E7PtI/AAAAAAAAAd4/ok-oQ-mbSgoyelOa8K-Vsz4pEo--V5psACLcB/s1600/cryptosporidium_parvum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="472" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NbsGwurSMXA/V20KZ4E7PtI/AAAAAAAAAd4/ok-oQ-mbSgoyelOa8K-Vsz4pEo--V5psACLcB/s640/cryptosporidium_parvum.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Host: Cow/Human/ Dog/Cat/Goat<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Human also involve with release oocycsts of Cryptosporidium parvum   to free environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cryptosporidium parvum can be infected from injected animals to human.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Therefore Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease.</span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Life cycle:</span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nMK0NcE5ARk/V20KQZfPmuI/AAAAAAAAAdY/94xY2fVJfMAAAPQod9UvtrPaG9aO7zT_wCKgB/s1600/cryptosporidium_parvum.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-nMK0NcE5ARk/V20KQZfPmuI/AAAAAAAAAdY/94xY2fVJfMAAAPQod9UvtrPaG9aO7zT_wCKgB/s400/cryptosporidium_parvum.png" width="400" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5vDN02N9fmM/V20KSZwm6LI/AAAAAAAAAdw/MduSJvUAcow4KaFZtZYYt2NMjuqmF-xYgCKgB/s1600/cryptosporidium_parvum_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="393" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5vDN02N9fmM/V20KSZwm6LI/AAAAAAAAAdw/MduSJvUAcow4KaFZtZYYt2NMjuqmF-xYgCKgB/s400/cryptosporidium_parvum_2.png" width="400" /></a></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">                    </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">After infected to human, oocyst excysts in the small intestine. They do not penetrate through gut epithelium. They get nourishment just attaching to the brush layer. Therefore they do not enter to the blood circulation.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">                    </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">Trophozites feed and multiply.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">                </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">Fertilization is taken place between trophozoiets and become zygotes.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">      <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">                   </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.5in;">The zygote is also divided further by fission.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></li> </ul> <!--[if !supportLists]--><br /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> </div> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">          After they come with food stream to the large intestine, it secrete cyct wall in                              order to face dry conditions. </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">          The cyst consists of sporozites called spores which are found as ova.</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">          Therefore the cyst is defined as oocycst.                  </span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">         Oocyst which is released through fecal matter and found in the water, usually contain 4               sporozites.</span></li> </ul> <div> <span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></div> <div> <span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MtA-c-skBu8/V20KPXc3HRI/AAAAAAAAAeA/HDFrleUTnvYCrnc0MmBom0p7ZumhAJN8ACKgB/s1600/cryptosporidium_parvum_3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MtA-c-skBu8/V20KPXc3HRI/AAAAAAAAAeA/HDFrleUTnvYCrnc0MmBom0p7ZumhAJN8ACKgB/s1600/cryptosporidium_parvum_3.png" /></a></div> <div> <span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div>       <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">•</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">          </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But oocysts which are found in the dry soil contain 8 sporozites.</span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dNwbmBcd_KU/V20KQ44h_8I/AAAAAAAAAdg/NTfEo3-oP3MOvjFrhgvdjlZFkRRYo-whgCKgB/s1600/cryptosporidium_parvum_4.png.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dNwbmBcd_KU/V20KQ44h_8I/AAAAAAAAAdg/NTfEo3-oP3MOvjFrhgvdjlZFkRRYo-whgCKgB/s320/cryptosporidium_parvum_4.png.jpg" width="198" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-b319wEsjGCA/V20KSHKZt6I/AAAAAAAAAeA/acXZId7D9eAYOJHA5gpj4GUoiIg1_oEEgCKgB/s1600/cryptosporidium_parvum_5.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-b319wEsjGCA/V20KSHKZt6I/AAAAAAAAAeA/acXZId7D9eAYOJHA5gpj4GUoiIg1_oEEgCKgB/s1600/cryptosporidium_parvum_5.jpg.png" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Symptoms:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diarrhea fever<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Affected people who are more susceptible to become infected</span></u></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:   Cryptosporidiosis is capable of kill human which have less immunity.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 93.3pt; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">            Elders<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 93.3pt; text-indent: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">            Young children<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0in; tab-stops: 93.3pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                         AIDs patients<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 93.3pt;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 93.3pt;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Prevention:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 93.3pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">      It’s better to avoid drink water where animals usually consume. <o:p></o:p></span></div> </div> <div> <span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-65880709-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>

Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium Parvum

·          It belongs to Phylum Sporozoa of kingdom Protista. ·          It is also unable to move due to the lack of cilia or flagella. ...

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Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics

<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">The </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 115%;">Earth crust is divided into large 7 plates include African, North American, South American, Eurasian, Australian, Antarctic, and Pacific plates and few small plates such as Arabian. Those plates are regularly moved in different directions at different speeds apart from each other or towards each other.</span></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3EE6HRKLNs0/V20Ht3gTMHI/AAAAAAAAAbw/Z4T9ZK92PUQKfuNRHIikNVJYYdFIwzsawCKgB/s1600/Continental_drift.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3EE6HRKLNs0/V20Ht3gTMHI/AAAAAAAAAbw/Z4T9ZK92PUQKfuNRHIikNVJYYdFIwzsawCKgB/s640/Continental_drift.gif" width="640" /></a></div> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <h3> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Plat boundary:</span></u></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">The place where the two plates are met defined as the plate boundaries.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <h3> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Types of plat boundaries:</span></u></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <h4> <span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="line-height: 115%;">Divergent boundaries:<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></h4> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Plate boundaries move apart from each other. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">As a result of the conversion, currents arise from the mantle, sea the floor is spread and creates magma. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Results: Mid oceanic ridges, sea floor spreading and volcanic activity.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-maDB59sh4xs/V20HtwxII2I/AAAAAAAAAbs/eMaTFj204z8B97hJsGUd2MVR20_Rl8_RwCKgB/s1600/Continental_drift_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-maDB59sh4xs/V20HtwxII2I/AAAAAAAAAbs/eMaTFj204z8B97hJsGUd2MVR20_Rl8_RwCKgB/s320/Continental_drift_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-y9H_bLJhaZ8/V20Htv82aSI/AAAAAAAAAbo/gCLDfPLX5HAyrCtqpPVBZSAa15g00HvgQCKgB/s1600/Continental_drift_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-y9H_bLJhaZ8/V20Htv82aSI/AAAAAAAAAbo/gCLDfPLX5HAyrCtqpPVBZSAa15g00HvgQCKgB/s320/Continental_drift_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <h3> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">2) <b>Convergent boundaries</b>:</span></h3> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Plate boundaries move towards each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Both plates have collided and one plate uplift over another. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Results: Mountain, Trenches, earthquakes and volcanic activity.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NN7ET0TTjKs/V20HuYlA_tI/AAAAAAAAAb4/XF49qucwUlMKCNWT0AGC7ZboaYmTCV5VQCKgB/s1600/Continental_drift_3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NN7ET0TTjKs/V20HuYlA_tI/AAAAAAAAAb4/XF49qucwUlMKCNWT0AGC7ZboaYmTCV5VQCKgB/s320/Continental_drift_3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wPgSqcrkzvI/V20HvYcr3hI/AAAAAAAAAcM/XdW9mpNExg8uqJbMBGwYuTEIczlv333qwCKgB/s1600/Continental_drift_4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wPgSqcrkzvI/V20HvYcr3hI/AAAAAAAAAcM/XdW9mpNExg8uqJbMBGwYuTEIczlv333qwCKgB/s320/Continental_drift_4.png" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">3) <b>Transform boundaries:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Two plates are slightly passed parallel to each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Results: Earthquakes</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9qFZBQcKM3c/V20HulJ6g0I/AAAAAAAAAb8/muJ0t7zJODck6ycEbHxImMgVSlIiYDDmQCKgB/s1600/Continental_drift_5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9qFZBQcKM3c/V20HulJ6g0I/AAAAAAAAAb8/muJ0t7zJODck6ycEbHxImMgVSlIiYDDmQCKgB/s320/Continental_drift_5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EWVVtFLpAqo/V20HvTyjSaI/AAAAAAAAAcI/Xj58M82ZcksUwKouDbXFtfdQt9jJIKqIgCKgB/s1600/Continental_drift_6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="218" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-EWVVtFLpAqo/V20HvTyjSaI/AAAAAAAAAcI/Xj58M82ZcksUwKouDbXFtfdQt9jJIKqIgCKgB/s320/Continental_drift_6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-65880709-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics

The Earth crust is divided into large 7 plates include African, North American, South American, Eurasian, Australian, Antarctic, and Pacific...

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Compound Microscope and Digital Camera Microscope

<h2> <b><u><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">What is the compound microscope?</span></u></b></h2> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Microscope is a tool which has the ability to magnify objects which cannot be seen by human necked eyes.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">We observe the images of specimen aid in microscope but not the specimen.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">More than one lens is used for a compound microscope.</span></span></div> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Convex lenses are placed aligned named as object lens which is closer to the object and eyepiece (Ocular) lens which is closer to the observer’s eye.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Compound the microscope has usually two-step magnification. At first, the object is magnified by the object lens. Then images formed by object lenses are magnified by eyepiece (ocular) lenses.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JaQDWmUGk6s/V2z__-C2nKI/AAAAAAAAAak/omWsYhmcJoEDl4g00G627oCLGfUEyqpGgCLcB/s1600/microscope.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-JaQDWmUGk6s/V2z__-C2nKI/AAAAAAAAAak/omWsYhmcJoEDl4g00G627oCLGfUEyqpGgCLcB/s320/microscope.jpg" width="177" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HuVvxmzLT6I/V2z__7TINhI/AAAAAAAAAaw/SQWJDaepFLEhFGEMC_XroGtr_0s40eySQCLcB/s1600/microscope_1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HuVvxmzLT6I/V2z__7TINhI/AAAAAAAAAaw/SQWJDaepFLEhFGEMC_XroGtr_0s40eySQCLcB/s320/microscope_1.jpg" width="294" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <h3> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">What are the functions of the microscope?</span></u></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">1)<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Magnification: Magnify the image of the objects.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">         2)<span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Resolution: It is the ability to see two objects separately by the human eye. (With increasing of magnification, the resolution is also increased.)</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <h3> <b><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">        <u>Importance of compound microscope/ Digital camera microscope</u></span></span></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">               Measurement of parasite stages can be done by using a compound microscope/ Digital camera microscope. The family name or species name of a particular parasite can be identified by measuring the length and the width of the parasite stages (Eggs or larval). Therefore a particular parasite can be identified accurately by using a reference book so morphologically identification of the parasite is necessary for correct diagnosis. </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <h3> <b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">          </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">  </span><u><span style="font-size: large;">Parts of the compound microscope:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></u></span></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HuVvxmzLT6I/V2z__7TINhI/AAAAAAAAAaw/vumgegprevEb_EwdTl9WS5nqdwleB3pEQCKgB/s1600/microscope_1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HuVvxmzLT6I/V2z__7TINhI/AAAAAAAAAaw/vumgegprevEb_EwdTl9WS5nqdwleB3pEQCKgB/s640/microscope_1.jpg" width="587" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Stage: It is the surface where the slides are placed. It is a stationary stage. Slides are fixed into the stage aid in the clips on the stage.   </span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Sub stage: It is placed under the stage. It is comprised of a diaphragm or a condenser lens or both. </span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Diaphragm: The amount of light from the source is passed through the stage is regulated by the diaphragm.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Condenser lens: It is placed under the stage in order to focus light from the source. It does not involve magnifying the objects. </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Objective lenses: They are attached to the nosepiece of the microscope.  A compound microscope is usually made of 3 objective lens such as scanning lens(x4),low power lens(x10)) and high power lens(x40).These 3 lenses are used with air.  Some microscopes also have oil immersion objective lens(x100) which is used with a drop of immersion oil between the lens and the slide.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Eyepiece (Ocular) lenses: It exists close to the observer’s eyes. It may be monocular and binocular. Eyepiece lenses magnify the image which proceeded by the objective lenses.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="background-color: yellow; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: yellow; line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="color: red;">Total magnification= Magnification of objective lens x Magnification of eyepiece lens</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red;"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: yellow; color: red; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Coarse and fine adjustments: The stage of body is raised or lowered by using Coarse and fine adjustments. With the high power objective lenses, coarse adjustment must not be used.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Measurements of objects</span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .75in;"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <h3> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Why calibration is requiring before measurement?</span></u></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">          </span><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">We don’t know the value of a division of the eyepiece micrometer scale. Therefore eyepiece micrometer scale is calibrated by using a stage micrometer scale. </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Stage micrometer scale: It is a normal microscopic slide which is marked with scale. The scale is divided into 100 divisions and one division is equal to 10</span><span style="font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">µ</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">m.</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;"> <h4> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Calibration of eyepiece microscope: </span></u></b></h4> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">             </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%;">After inserting eyepiece micrometer scale into eyepiece lens and placing stage micrometer scale in the stage, the microscope is adjusted to 0 line of both scale as in exact alignment. Then aligned divisions of both scales are detected.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uMvoHDJbor8/V2z__0JnhlI/AAAAAAAAAao/-WKhr8G72rcGta8fPfiqrfsW4FBDQcWUACKgB/s1600/microscope_2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="348" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uMvoHDJbor8/V2z__0JnhlI/AAAAAAAAAao/-WKhr8G72rcGta8fPfiqrfsW4FBDQcWUACKgB/s640/microscope_2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <h3> <b><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Let’s take an example.</span></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">10 division of stage micrometer scale is equivalent to 16 divisions of eyepiece micrometer scale.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">10 SCD = 16 EMD</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">1 SCD= 10 </span><span style="font-family: "angsana new" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">µ</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">M</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">10 SCD= 10 X 10</span> <span style="line-height: 115%;">µM= 100</span> <span style="line-height: 115%;">µM</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">100</span> <span style="line-height: 115%;">µM= 16 EMD</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">1 EMD= 100 µM/16</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">1 EMD= 6.25</span> <span style="line-height: 115%;">µM</span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">                  </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <h3> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Digital camera microscope: </span></u></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">A digital camera microscope is a microscope combined with a digital camera. The image of the objects is viewed by using the computer’s monitor. </span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">It is allowed the observer to store the image on the computer. The magnification of the image depends on the size of the monitor.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mZWx40N-MOM/V20AAbX-V0I/AAAAAAAAAa0/i5seIc_7F1gt7uC-MIBgZXFlfTWf3oj7wCKgB/s1600/microscope_3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="319" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-mZWx40N-MOM/V20AAbX-V0I/AAAAAAAAAa0/i5seIc_7F1gt7uC-MIBgZXFlfTWf3oj7wCKgB/s320/microscope_3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <h3> <b><u><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">Differences between the digital camera microscope the compound microscope</span></u></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Compound microscope</span></div> </td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Digital camera microscope</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Focusing of microscope differs with people to people. </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Focusing is constant. </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Photograph of image cannot be taken. </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Photograph of image can be taken.</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It is time consuming method. </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It is a time-saving method. </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Length of width of organisms is taken by counting no of divisions. </span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Direct value of Length of width of organisms is taken without counting no of divisions.</span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table>

Compound Microscope and Digital Camera Microscope

What is the compound microscope? ·          Microscope is a tool which has the ability to magnify objects which cannot be seen by human n...

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Balantidium Coli Balantidiasis

<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <br /> <br /> <br /> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">It belongs to the Phylum Ciliopra of kingdom Animalia.</span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">It is the only ciliated parasite pathogenic to humans?</span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">The largest protozoan parasite found in the human body.</span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">          </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Mode of transmission: fecal-oral transmission (Food is borne/ Waterborne by cyst contain Fecal matter contains cyst)</span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Host: Human/ Pigs/Horses/Cattles</span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Other animals act as a reservoir for the parasite.</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Pigs are the most significant reservoir hosts</span></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><span style="color: red; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Therefore it is a zoonotic disease. </span></span></li> </ul> <br /> <br /> <br /> <div style="text-indent: -24px;"> <span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">               </span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F2H67JajwNc/V2z7SZHJW6I/AAAAAAAAAaE/3TDbDZ73fEIOnlELTZDGkhSXhj5JWhbRwCLcB/s1600/balantidium_coil_1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="632" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F2H67JajwNc/V2z7SZHJW6I/AAAAAAAAAaE/3TDbDZ73fEIOnlELTZDGkhSXhj5JWhbRwCLcB/s640/balantidium_coil_1.png" width="640" /></a></span></span></div> </div> <div style="text-indent: -24px;"> <span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-indent: -24px;"> <span style="color: red;"><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 18.4px;"><br /></span></span></div> <div style="text-indent: -24px;"> <div class="MsoNormal"> <h3> <b><span style="font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">        <u>Life cycle:<o:p></o:p></u></span></b></h3> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">      ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">After human is infected by a cyst of Balantidium coli through foods or water, cysts exocyst in the small intestine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Trophozoites feed and multiply aid in binary fission.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">They penetrate the gut wall and make ulcers.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Some of trophozoites return into the small intestine and go to the large intestine with the food stream.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">They secrete cyst wall in order to serve in the dry condition of the large intestine. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">     ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Cysts are released through the fecal matter to the environment</span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><br /> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">            </span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yZ8d57OkC4E/V2z6s55ud6I/AAAAAAAAAZ8/5wFO3_00s789gvKXzSXrHx5gFAF4ik5twCLcB/s1600/balantidium_coil.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yZ8d57OkC4E/V2z6s55ud6I/AAAAAAAAAZ8/5wFO3_00s789gvKXzSXrHx5gFAF4ik5twCLcB/s320/balantidium_coil.png" width="320" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"> <h3> <span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                 </span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Symptoms:<o:p></o:p></span></span></h3> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Diarrhea<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Weight loss<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Dysentery <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"> <h3> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 115%;">            ·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Prevention: <o:p></o:p></span></span></h3> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Wash hander after going to the toilets before the meal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">  </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Vegetables are washed and cooked properly because heat can kill cysts of Balantidium coli.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">  <span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">           </span></span></span><span style="font-family: wingdings; font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;">§</span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Drinking water is boiled properly.</span></span><span style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <h4> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References: </span></b></h4> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 45.75pt;"> <a href="http://www.medicine.uodiyala.edu.iq/uploads/lectures/dr%20mohammed%20gasim/Lecture%205.pdf"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.medicine.uodiyala.edu.iq/uploads/lectures/dr%20mohammed%20gasim/Lecture%205.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div> <span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">             <a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Balantidium_coli">https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Balantidium_coli</a></span></span></div> </div> <!--[if !supportLists]--><br /> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-65880709-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>

Balantidium Coli Balantidiasis

          It belongs to the Phylum Ciliopra of kingdom Animalia.           It is the only ciliated parasite pathogenic to humans? ...

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Aerial Photography

<div class="MsoNormal"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NaGGpebWadw/V2z0vzNFLPI/AAAAAAAAAZI/ETrqw9VHzD8-wj9FbI4LcYib_nObM1JAQCLcB/s1600/aerial_photography.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NaGGpebWadw/V2z0vzNFLPI/AAAAAAAAAZI/ETrqw9VHzD8-wj9FbI4LcYib_nObM1JAQCLcB/s640/aerial_photography.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">            </span><br /> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">      Aerial photography means photos taken in the air. Earlier stages of aerial photography, Knits and balloons were used to take photographs. With the technological advance, airplanes and helicopters are used as platform for hardware. Images which are taken by aerial photography do not belong to visible region of spectrum therefore sensors have to be used to detect IR and ultra violet images.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3mQK9g7owT8/V2z0xkbg3fI/AAAAAAAAAZU/RGAR5YPFiZIl9L6gn2kcgCJ3wSs675CwACKgB/s1600/aerial_photography_1.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="241" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3mQK9g7owT8/V2z0xkbg3fI/AAAAAAAAAZU/RGAR5YPFiZIl9L6gn2kcgCJ3wSs675CwACKgB/s320/aerial_photography_1.jpg.png" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TeCPrPoWxSY/V2z0v4QisUI/AAAAAAAAAZM/0mbLKEkWGP4trt0j-jgiOmEM_DLp16lsQCKgB/s1600/aerial_photography_2.jpg.png.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TeCPrPoWxSY/V2z0v4QisUI/AAAAAAAAAZM/0mbLKEkWGP4trt0j-jgiOmEM_DLp16lsQCKgB/s320/aerial_photography_2.jpg.png.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">                                </span><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uses of Aerial photography</span></u></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is use as a spatial data source for preparation of maps in GIS.     <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is used to determine environmental conditions and land use<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">       <u>Advantages:<o:p></o:p></u></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is capable of stop action.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aerial photography has ability detect things human eyes cannot detect in the spectrum. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aerial photography is a permanent record.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">It is not a time consuming method.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span><br /> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span> <div class="MsoNormal"> <u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disadvantages:<o:p></o:p></span></u></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      1)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Images are taken more close to earth surface therefore distortions are high. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      2)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is influenced by the weather (Without clouds/rain).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      3)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Person who drive and take photographs should have really good knowledge of photography. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      4)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is an expensive method due to the cost of camera and platform of hardware. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">      5)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Accurate images above mountains cannot be taken because improper angles cause distortions. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]-->      6)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">      </span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Data is not available according to the time.</span> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b><u><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <a href="http://www.environmentalscience.org/principles-applications-aerial-photography"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.environmentalscience.org/principles-applications-aerial-photography</span></a> <o:p></o:p></div> </div> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-65880709-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script>

Aerial Photography

                   Aerial photography means photos taken in the air. Earlier stages of aerial photography, Knits and balloons wer...

Read more »