Archive for September 2015

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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">5.1 <b><u>What is precipitation?</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">            The process of transportation of
water from the atmosphere to the earth's surface is defined as precipitation</span><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Precipitation
can occur in liquid or solid forms. Precipitation is the result of water
droplets around nuclei or the formation of ice crystals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">        </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Two
conditions must be fulfilled for forming precipitation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                          (1) The air must be
saturated-Air masses can be saturated by three methods.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">    
</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Clashing of
different air masses (Hot, humid masses and cool, dry air masses)  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b) The connection</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"> between moist air masses and cool objects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">  </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Adiabatic process (Without entering or leaving of
heat, pressure and volume changes)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                 (2) Presence of
small airborne particles called aerosols.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">The available condensation nucleus is two types. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">   </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">  Hygroscopic
particles (Salts)-Salts are made condensing before the air becomes saturated.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Ex: Crystals of Nitrate (NO-3), Phosphate (PO43-)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">b) Non-Hygroscopic particles-According to their sizes,
supersaturation is essential. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                             Ex: Smoke, dust, ash<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 20pt;">5.2 <u>Types of
precipitation<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Four types of precipitation have occurred on the earth. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">               (1) Orographic precipitation-
Warm, humid air masses move horizontally form coastal areas to nearby
mountains. With clashing of air mass with mountains, air masses are started to
rise by uplift forces. Warm air masses are getting cool with increasing height because the temperature is decreased with increasing height. After the saturation of air, additional water vapors are tended to condense because cool
air cannot hold water vapors as much as hot air. Therefore clouds are formed after
saturation. Precipitation has occurred.   <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(2) Convectional
precipitation-When the land surface heat, above the air, is heated by land. As air
heat, the air began to move further. With the distance between molecules
increases, they are less densely packed. The air becomes lighter and expands.
Air masses get cooling. After saturation, additional water vapors are condensed
and clouds are formed. Precipitation has occurred. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(3) Cyclonic precipitation-Cyclonic
precipitation has occurred in low-pressure areas. Air masses move form high
pressure in nearby surface areas to the low-pressure areas above. Air getting
cooled and clouds are formed. Precipitation has occurred.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">(4) Frontal
precipitation-When warm, humid air mass and cool, dry air mass are met, cool
air tightly packed together so cool air is heavier than dry air so the warm air is
forced to rise above cool air. When warm humid air rises, the air gets cool. After the saturation of air, clouds are formed. Precipitation has occurred.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: 20.0pt;">5.4Forms of
precipitations<o:p></o:p></span></u><br />
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">         (1) Liquid precipitation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                 (a) Rain
(Diameter of water droplets is more than 0.5mm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                 Light rain – Intensity
of rainfall is up to 2.5 mm/h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Moderate rain – Intensity of rainfall is 2.5 to 7.5
mm/h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Heavy rain – Intensity of rainfall is more than 7.5
mm/h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                       (b) Drizzle
(Diameter of water droplets is less than 0.5mm)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                 (2) Solid precipitation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Snow-Snow
is precipitation of crystal ice. Solid water is consolidating together and become
flakes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                              Sleet-
Sleets are small snow particles. They are formed as snowflakes are melted and
refreeze at a subfreezing temperature in the atmosphere before reach the earth's surface. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                              Hail-
Small pieces of ice are formed through up and down of the convectional currents
by melting and cooling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">                                              Dew-
Condensation of water vapors is at the temperature below the dew point. Water
vapors are condensed by emission their energy to around the environment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Precipitation introduction

5.1 What is precipitation? The process of transportation of water from the atmosphere to the earth's surface is defi...

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Precipitation introduction

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